I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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- JAll A NA HAD SUP, DIVISION
- JAIPUR RESIDENCY 3
- JAIPUR STATE 3 8 3
Jagtial Town. —Head-quartcrs of the taluk of the same name in KarTmnagar District, Hyderabad State, situated in 18 0 48' N. and 78° 55'E. Population (1901), 11,181. To the north of the town is a celebrated old fort, constructed in 1747 by Zafar-ud-daula. The town contains a dispensary and a State school, besides being the head-quarters of a Second Talukdar. Silk saris and scarfs are made here by the Salas.
JAll A NA HAD SUP, DIVISION Jahanabad Subdivision.—Northern subdivision of Gaya District, Bengal, lying between 24 0 59' and 25 0 19' N. and 84° 27' and 85° 13' E., with an area of 606 square miles. The population in 1901 was 386,535, compared with 393,8x7 in 1891; and with 638 persons to the square mile, it is more densely populated than the rest of the District. The country is alluvial, well cultivated, and intersected by several rivers ; and the surface is generally level. It contains one town,
J ahanabad
(population, 7,018), its head-quarters; and 1,078 villages. It possesses several remains of archaeological interest, which are referred to in the article on G aya
D istrict
. Jahanabad Town (1).—Head-quarters of the subdivision of the same name in Gaya District, Bengal, situated in 25 0 13'’ N. and 85° o' E., at the confluence of the Morhar (or Dardha) and Jamuna rivers, on the Patna-Gaya road and on the Patna-Gaya branch of the East Indian Railway. Population (1901), 7,018. It was once famous for its weaving industry, and in 1760 it formed one of the eight minor branches connected with the central factory of the East India Company at Patna. In the early years of the nineteenth century the town contained about 700 houses, a cloth factory, and a native agency for the manufacture of saltpetre. The manufacture of cotton cloth has now been displaced by Manchester goods, but large numbers of the Jolaha or Muhammadan weaver class still live in the neighbourhood. The trade consists chiefly of food-grains, oilseeds, piece-goods, and fancy articles of European manufacture. The town contains the usual public offices; the sub-jail has accommodation for 70 prisoners. Jahanabad Town (2).—Town in the Khajuha tahsil of Fatehpur District, United Provinces.
K ora . Jahanglra.—Island in the Ganges, situated in the head-quarters subdivision of Bhagalpur District, Bengal, in 25 0 15' N. and 86° 44' E. It contains a lingam, a temple, and several interesting rock sculptures. [Archaeological Survey Reports , vol. xv, pp. 20-4.] Jahanglrabad.—Town in the Anupshahr
of Bulandshahr District, United Provinces, situated in 28° 24' N. and 78° 6
E.,
15 miles by metalled road from Bulandshahr town. Population (1901), 11,572. The town was built by Anup Rai, founder of A nupshahr
, who named it after the emperor Jahangir. The place stands low, and was formerly very unhealthy, owing to the stagnant water in the neigh bourhood and a ditch round the town ; but this has now been drained. Act XX of 1856 is in force, and the income is about Rs. 3,300. There is an important market, which is the centre of a flourishing grain trade. The principal manufacture is calico-printing, excellent counterpanes, curtains, and cloths being turned out. The middle school is attended by over 250 pupils, 40 of whom reside in a boarding-house ; and there is a small aided primary school with 38 pupils. JAf/OA 379
Jahazgarh.—Village in
the Jhajjar
tahsil
of Rohtak District, Punjab.
G eorgegarh . Jahazpur.—Head-quarters of a zita or district of the same name, in the north-east corner of the State of Udaipur, Rajputana, situated in 2
°
N. and 75 0 17' E., about 12 miles south-west of the canton ment of Deoli. Population (1901), 3 , 3 9 9 . On an isolated hill over looking the town, and guarding the eastern entrance of an important pass, stands a large and strong fort consisting of two ramparts, one within the other, each having a deep ditch and numerous bastions. Jahazpur contains a primary school attended by 70 boys, and a hospital with accommodation for 10 in-patients. The town is said to have been taken by Akbar from the Rana about 1567, and seven years later was given in jaglr to Jagmal, who had gone over to the imperial court in consequence of some disagreement with his elder brother, Rana Pratap Singh. In the eighteenth century it was held for short periods by the Raja of Shahpura, and in 1806 was taken possession of by Zalim Singh, the famous Diwan of Kotah, who, at the intervention of the British Government, gave it up in 1819, when it was restored to Udaipur. The district now consists of the town and 306 villages, largely inhabited by Minas. Jaigarh.—Seaport in the District and taluka of Ratnagiri, Bombay, situated in 17 0 17' N. and 73 0 13' E., at the southern entrance to the Shastri or Sangameshwar river, 99 miles south of Bombay. Population (1901), 2,567. The harbour forms a bay 2 miles long and 5 miles broad, with deep water, and well protected against winds. The exports, which amounted to 4-9 lakhs in 1903-4, are chiefly firewood and molasses; the imports, which in the same year amounted to 6-6 lakhs, are principally rice and salt. Jaigarh is now little more than a fishing village. The fort, which occupies an area of 4 acres, is situated close to the shore on gently rising ground about 200 feet above the sea. The walls and bastions are, except in a few places, still in good repair, but are gradually decaying. The fort was originally built by the Bijapur kings, and was afterwards the retreat of a noted Hindu pirate, the Naik of Sangameshwar, who was sufficiently powerful to resist two combined expeditions of the Portuguese and Bijapur forces sent against him in 1583 and 1585. In 1713 Jaigarh passed into the hands of the famous Alaratha sea-robber Angria; and in June, 1818, on the downfall of the Peshwa, was surrendered to the British. A lighthouse, visible for 13 miles, stands on the headland. The town contains one school.
Jaijon.—Ancient town in the Garhshnnkar tahsil of Hoshiarpur District, Punjab, situated in 31 0 21' N. and 76° 13' E., on the outer edge of the Siwaliks, ro miles north of Garhshankar town. Popu lation (1901), 2,705. Though now of small importance, it was in early 5 S ° JAIJOX days the seat of the Jaswal Rajas. Raja Ram Singh first took up his residence here ; and the fort which commanded the pass in the hills is said to have been constructed in 1 7 0 1 , and to have been taken by Ranjft Singh in 1 8 1 5 . It was dismantled by the British Government at annexation. The ruins of the palaces of the Jaswal Rajas are still visible above the town. The place was till lately an emporium of trade, second only to Hoshiarpur; and even now a good deal of cloth, both country and English, passes through towards the hills, while hill produce, such as rice, turmeric, &c., passes down to the plains. Jainagar.—Town in the District of the Twenty-four Parganas, Bengal.
See
J ayxagar . Jaintia Parganas.—A tract of country in the north-east corner of Sylhet District, Eastern Bengal and Assam, lying between 2 4
0 5 2 ' and 2 5
0 1 1 ' N. and 9 1
0 4 5 ' and 9 2
0 2 5 ' E., and between the Jaintia Hills and the Surma river. Area, 4 8 4 square miles; population ( 1 9 0 1 ) , 121,157. The parganas consist of a series of low depressions or basins drained by the streams flowing into the Surma. The banks of the rivers are the highest part of the country, and are generally lined with villages, but in the centre of the basins water often remains throughout the year. Much of the land at the foot of the hills and at the western end of the tract lies too low for cultivation and is covered with high jungle, and here and there the level of the plain is broken by low isolated hills. The
originally formed part of the territory of a native prince whose dominions extended over the Jaintia Hills to the Kalang river in the plains of Assam. The Jaintia Rajas were of Synteng or Khasi origin, and, although they had long come under the influence of Hinduism, the custom of descent through the female line was still maintained. Tradition has preserved the names of twenty-two kings, and is, to some extent, confirmed by coins and native records, which refer to the conquest of the State by the Koch king Nar Narayan about 1565. The Jaintia Raja was defeated and captured by the Ahom generals at the beginning of the eighteenth century ; but the hillmen declined to submit to the conqueror’s yoke, and the State continued for all practical purposes to be independent. When Cachar was invaded by the Burmans in 1 8 2 4 , the Jaintia Raja entered into an alliance with the British, but his conduct in this, as in other matters, was not entirely above suspicion. In 1 8 3 2 he
kidnapped four British subjects from Sylhet, and sacrificed three of them at Phaljor before the shrine of the goddess Kali. Similar attempts had been made on three previous occasions, and the British Government demanded the surrender of the guilty parties. No satisfaction could be obtained by diplomacy ; and in 1 8 3 5 the Govern ment, as a mark of their displeasure, annexed that portion of the kingdom which lay in the Sylhet plains. The Raja then declined to
JAIPUR RESIDENCY 3 8 « retain any portion of his diminished dominions, and the Jaintia Hills lapsed to the British Government. After annexation the parganas were settled in 1836 for Rs. 36,000, and this settlement remained substantially in force for the next twenty years. In 1856 they were resettled for a further term of twenty years, the revenue demand at the commencement of the settlement being Rs. 54,000, rising to Rs. 62,000 in 1876, owing to the inclusion of land taken up during its currency. At the next settlement the revenue was raised to Rs. 1,68,000; but as it was found that the people could not bear such a sudden enhancement, the demand was reduced to Rs. 1,24,000. In 1898 the
were again resettled for a term of fifteen years, the demand being fixed at Rs. 1,87,000 on an area of 197,000 acres, of which 72,000 acres were uncultivated. The rates assessed on homestead and cultivated land vary from Rs. 2-10 to 12 annas an acre. Four-fifths of the cultivated area is under rice, most of which is of the long-stemmed variety sown in marshy tracts. In the cold season mustard and linseed are grown, chiefly on land which lies too low for rice. The rainfall is abundant, but is sometimes unfavourably distributed, and much damage is occasionally done by the floods of the hill streams. On the other hand, the soil is fertile, and the villagers can obtain a ready market for the surplus products of their rice-fields and of the excellent fruit gardens that surround their houses. The people are, however, unenterprising and backward, village industries are almost unknown, and the ryots are in consequence compelled to buy nearly everything that they require. A considerable portion of the parganas lies too low for cultivation and is covered with dense jungle, and the climate at the foot of the hills is malarious and unhealthy. Jaintiapur.—Village in the North Sylhet subdivision of Sylhet District, Eastern Bengal and Assam, situated in 25 0 8' N. and 92 0 8' E. It was formerly the capital of the Jaintia Raja, whose territory was annexed in 1835 consequence of his complicity in the murder of th ree British subjects offered up to the goddess Kali. There were for merly some interesting remains, marking the transition from the primi tive paganism of the hill tribes to the elaborate Hinduism imported from Bengal, the former symbolized by great monoliths of unhewn stone, the latter by Hindu temples with their carvings and images. These ruins were, however, thrown down by the earthquake of 1897, and Jaintiapur is 110 longer a place of much importance. A market largely attended by the hill tribes is, however, held here once a week. Jaipur Residency.—One of the eight Political Charges into which Rajputana is divided. It is made up of the States of Jaipur and Kishangarh and the small chiefship of Lawa, lying in the eastern half of the Agency, between 25 0 41' and 28° 34' N. and 74 0 40' and 77 0 13' E. It is bounded on the north by Bikaner and the Punjab; on the west JAirUR RESIDENCY by Jodhpur and the British District of Ajmer; on the south by the Shahpura ehiefship, and the States of Udaipur, Bundi, Tonk, Kotah, and Gwalior; and on the east by Karauli, Bharatpur, and Alwar. The head-quarters of the Resident are at Jaipur. The population has varied:
(r8Sr) 2,642,457, (1891) 2,952,842, and (1901)
2,752,307. The decrease of nearly 7 per cent, during the last decade was due to the famine of 1899-1900, and to a severe outbreak of malarial fever in the autumn of 1900. The total area is 16,456 square miles, and the density of population 167 persons per square mile, as compared with 76 for the Agency as a whole. Although fourth in size among the political divisions of Rajputana, the Residency ranks first as regards population. In 1901 Hindus formed nearly 91 per cent, of the total, and Musalmans 7 per cent. Thfere were also 956 Christians (including 394 natives). The following tabic gives details for the States and chiefship forming the Residency:— State. Area in square miles. Population, 1 go 1. Normal land re venue ( khâlsa), in thousands of rupees. Jaipur
. . . Kishangarh . . Làwa ^chiefship) . '5:579 858
2,658.666 90,970 2,671
42,00 1,50
IO Total
16,456 2 ,75 2 ,307 43,60 There are altogether 5,959 villages and 41 towns. The largest towns are J a i p u r C i t y
(160,167), S i k a r (21,523), E a t e i i p u r (16,393), K l S H A X G A R I l (12,663), N A W A L G A R H (12,315), j H U N J H U N U (12,279), H i x d a u n (11,938), and R a m g a r h (11,023). Jaipur State.—State in the north-east and east of Rajputana, lying between 25 0 41' and 28° 34' N. and 74 0 41' and 77 0 13' E. Its area is 1 5j579 square miles, and it is consequently the fourth largest of the Rajputana States. It is bounded 011 the north by Bikaner, Loharu, and Patiala, while its detached district of Kot Kasim adjoins the Rewari
of Gurgaon District and the State of Nabha ; on the west by Bikaner, Jodhpur, Kishangarh, and the British District of Ajmer : on the south by Udaipur, Bundi, Tonk, Kotah, and Gwalior; and 011 the east by Karauli, Bharatpur, and Alwar. The country is for the most part fairly level and open, although its surface is crossed and Physical diversified by groups and ranges of hills, and by iso aspects. kited peaks. The centre of the State is an elevated table-land of triangular form, from 1,400 to 1,600 feet above sea-level. The base of this triangle is a line running west from Jaipur city; the eastern side consists of ranges of hills running north and south along the Alwar border: while the apex is JAIPUR STATE 3 8 3 formed by a broken chain of hills, a portion of the A r a v a l l i range,
which runs from near the Sambhar Lake in a north-easterly direction as far as Khetri. These hills attain a considerable height, the loftiest peak being Raghunathgarh (3,450 feet above the sea), and form a natural boundary between the sandy desert tract of S h e k h a w a t i
to the north and the fertile plains of Jaipur proper to the south and south-east. Westward from the capital, the country rises gradually towards the Kishangarh border, consisting in great measure of broad, open, treeless plains, dotted here and there with hills. In the extreme south the hills reappear; and in the neighbourhood of Rajmahal, where the Banas river has forced its way through the range, the scenery is remarkable for its beauty. The south-eastern portion of the State has many ranges of low hills, and near the Karauli border is much inter sected by ravines, while to the east of the capital there is a rapid fall of from 300 to 400 feet within the first two or three miles, after which a gradual slope follows the valley of the Banganga river to the Bharatpur border. The
B a n a s , the principal river of Jaipur, flows for about no miles through, or along the borders of, the State. It has numerous tributaries, such as the Dain, the Mashi, the Dhil, the Galwa, and the Morel. The
merely forms the south-eastern boundary of the State, separating it from Kotah and Gwalior territory. The
is for
about 90 miles a river of Jaipur, flowing first in a south-easterly direction and then almost due east. Among other rivers are the Bandi, a tribu tary of the Mashi; the Phund and Khari, tributaries of the Morel; the Aman-i-Shah, which supplies Jaipur city with drinking-water, and joins the Phund: the Mendha, which flows into the Sambhar Lake; the Sabi or Sahibi, which flows north-east into Alwar, and thence through Kot Kasim, into Gurgaon; and lastly the Kantli or Katli, which, after a northerly course of some 60 miles through Shekhawati, loses itself in the sand just within the Bikaner border. Almost all the minor rivers are dry during the hot months. The only natural lake of any importance is the salt lake at
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