I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- IRRAWADDY RIVER
- ÏRRA1VADDY RIVER
- IRRAWADDY RIVER 3 6 9
- V O L . X I I I . h b 37° IRRAWADDY RIVER
- Isagarh Zila.
- Isa Khel Town.
3 6 5 built, and also works for training the river and protecting the irrigation works. The capital sum expended from 1854 to the end of March, 1904, is 8-6 lakhs. Until 1897 there was practically no net revenue; in that year, by the revised settlement of Dera Ghazi Khan District, the indirect revenue was substantially increased and a low occupier’s rate imposed. The gross revenue for 1903-4 was 4-1 lakhs and the net revenue 1 lakh, or 11-88 per cent, on the capital expenditure. A con siderable income is derived from Government lands on the Dhundi canal.
Injaram.—Village in the Cocanada taluk of Godavari District, Madras, situated in 16 0 44' N. and 82° n' E., 5 miles south of Cor- inga on the Injaram C anal. Population (1901), 2,042. A factory was established here by the East India Company as early as 1708, and the place became famous for its fine cloths. It was captured by the French in 1 7 5 7 , but recovered in 1759, and remained a mercantile station down to 1829. In 1839 it suffered severely from a cyclone. Insein Subdivision.—Subdivision of Hanthawaddy District, Lower Burma, comprising theTMKKVi and I n s e i n townships. Insein Township.—Township in Hanthawaddy District, Lower
Burma, lying between 16° 47'and 17 0 ii'N. and 95°49'and 96° 19' E., with an area of 482 square miles. The population was 86,247 ' n *891 and 103,984 in 1901. The township is level and fertile, and has a density of 216 persons per square mile. It contains one town. I n s e i n (population, 5,350), the head-quarters : and 478 villages. The area cultivated in 1903-4 was 324 square miles, paying Rs. 6,14,000 land revenue. Insein Town.—Head-quartcrs of the subdivision and township of the same name in Hanthawaddy District, Lower Burma, situated in 16 0
lation (1901), 5,350. Insein is an important railway centre, containing the principal workshops of the Burma Railways Company. It has the largest jail in the Province, an engineering school, and a reformatory school. There is a frequent local train service to and from Rangoon, and, as a good deal of high land is suitable for building sites, Insein is becoming a popular residential suburb of the capital. The town was constituted a ‘notified area’ in 1903, and is administered by a com mittee of five members. The income of the town fund in 1904-5 amounted to Rs. 13,600, and the expenditure to Rs. 7,200. Inthas.—A tribe scattered over the western and south-western portions of the Southern Shan States, Burma, and found in greatest number near Fort Stedman in the State of Yawnghwe. In dress and appearance the Inthas closely resemble the Shans among whom they live, and to whom they are known as Anghsa. They are mainly dis tinguishable from their neighbours by their dialect, which is not Shan,
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but appears to be an archaic form of Burmese, closely resembling Arakanese or Tavoyan. This resemblance has given rise to the theory that the Inthas originally came from Arakan. It seems, however, more probable that they are the descendants of one of the branches which broke off from the main Burmese stock about the same time that the Arakanese migrated to the western coast from the Irrawaddy. The early chronicles of the Tagaung kings refer to the separation of the Arakanese from the parent stem, and allude to the migration somewhat later of other parties, one of which went east and settled in what are now the Shan States. If the progeny of this party still exist, it is among the Inthas and Taungyos of the Shan States that they will probably be found. The Inthas are Buddhists. In 1901 they numbered 50,478 in the regularly enumerated areas, and it was calculated that there were about 700 in the ‘estimated 5 areas of Karenni. At Fort Stedman they have a custom of building their houses over the water of the adjoining lake, sometimes at a very considerable distance from the shore. This practice has given them their name of Intha (‘ lake-dweller ’). Their habit of rowing standing up and using the crook of their knees as a rowlock is peculiar. Irinjalakuda.—Town in the
Mukundapuram taluk
of Cochin State, Madras, situated in io° 22' N. and 76° 14' E. Population (1901), 8,420, of whom 5,240 are Hindus and 2,656 Christians. It is the head-quarters of the taluk, and contains the tahslldar’s office, the Munsifs court, a high school, and several palaces. The most important institution in the town is the large and well-endowed temple of Kudalmanikkam, presided u over by a Sudra Sanyasi, who by consecration is elevated to the status of a Brahman. He is designated Thachudaya Kaimal and is nominated by the ruler of T ravancore. Irrawaddy Division.—Division of Lower Burma, occupying the south-west corner of the province, between 15 0 40' and 18 0 31' N. and 94 0
6' E. On the north it is bounded by the Prome District of the Pegu Division ; on the east by the Tharrawaddy and Hanthawaddy Districts of the same Division; on the south by the Bay of Bengal
and on the west by the Bay of Bengal and the Sandoway District of the Arakan Division. With the exception of the Arakan Yoma running down the western border, the whole Division is an alluvial plain, watered by a maze of rivers and creeks, all taking off from the Irrawaddy. It is divided into five Districts : Henzada in the north, Ma-ubin in the east, Pyapon in the south-east, Myaungmya in the south, and Bassein in the south-west. The population of the Division was 680,315 in 1872, 989,978 in 1881, 1,300,119 in 1891, and 1,663,669 in 1901. The greater part of this very large increase is due to the steady flow of immigration from
India, and also from the Districts of Upper Burma. The distribution of population in 1901 1 is given in the table below :— IRRAWADDY RIVER 367
District. Area in square miles. Population, 1901. Land revenue, >903-4, in thousands of rupees. Bassein . . . 4 j
7 39 M27 13,79 Myaungmya . . 2,663 278,119
11,71 Ma-ubin . . . 1,641 283,122
9,53 Pyapon . . . 2,137 226,443
12,27 Henzada . . . 2,870 484,558
12,40 Total
i3,43 s 1,663,669 ' 59,7° The Division contains 7,185 villages and 16 towns. The head quarters are at B a s s k i n (population, 31,864), which enjoys easy rail way communication with Henzada, and river communication with the other District head-quarters. The other chief towns are H e n z a d a (population, 24,756), and
Y a n d o o n
in
Ma-ubin District (12,779). Bassein is a town of considerable historical importance; but the Division as a whole never formed an independent political unit, and has taken no very prominent part in the events that have gone to mould the destinies of the people of Burma. The greater part of the population are Burmans, of whom there were 1,250,821 in 1901. Karens are well distributed throughout the Division, and in the same year numbered 299,119. The Pwo and Sgaw Karens are most numerous in Bassein and Myaungmya Districts, and in 1901 showed totals of 142,495 and 52,072 respectively. Talaings (34,394 in number) are strongest in Ma-ubin and Pyapon Districts and weakest in Henzada. A certain number of Arakanese, Chins, and Shans are also found. Chinese in 1901 numbered 8,070, and the Indian population consisted of 30,639 Hindus and 18,944 Musalmans. The number of Christians (54,823) is large, owing to the numerous Karen population. Irrawaddy River (. Trazvadi ).—The great river of Burma, formed by the junction of two streams, the N’maikha and Malikha, which rise in the hills in the extreme north of the Province at about the 28th parallel of latitude, and meet at a point about 30 miles north of the town of Myitkyina. From the confluence southwards the united stream, henceforth known as the Irrawaddy, divides Burma proper into two sections, east and west, and eventually empties itself, after a course of 900 miles, into the Bay of Bengal, west of Rangoon. The Irra waddy is by far the best known of the natural features of the Province. 1 Since the Census of 1901, the two former Districts of Myaungmya (area, 2,970 square miles; population, 303,274) and Thongwa (area, 3,471 square miles; popula tion, 484,410) have been distributed into the three Districts of Mvaungniya, Ma-ubin, and Pyapon, as shown in the table.
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Nearly all the old capitals were built upon its banks. Its waters skirt more than half the Districts of Burma. Of the ten most populous towns, six—namely, Mandalay, Prome, Bassein, Henzada, Myingyan, and Pakokku—as well as important stations like Bhamo and Thayetmyo, lie on it, while Rangoon is directly connected with it by more than one waterway. From end to end it is navigable at one season of the year or the other for steam traffic. Starting from the confluence of the N’maikha and Malikha, and going south, the first affluent of importance is the Mogaung stream, which enters it from the west about 15 miles above Sinbo. Two miles above Bhamo, which lies on its left bank, its waters are swelled by those of the T aping from the east. The Taping rises in Chinese territory; and its source, which has not yet been ascertained with precision, cannot be far distant from that of the S hweli , the next large tributary of the Irrawaddy, which, traversing the State of Mongmit, empties itself into the main stream 20 miles south of Katha. From its junction with the Shweli, the Irrawaddy pursues its course south ward. North of Mandalay it is joined by the Madaya stream from the east; and south of that city, opposite the old Burmese town of Sagaing, it makes an extensive bend to the west. At the curve the tortuous M vitnge
quits the gorges of the Shan States to join it from the east, and shortly after this it receives the waters of the Mu from the hills of Shwebo and Katha in the north. Curving southward again near Myingyan, it is joined immediately above Pakokku by its main tributary, the C hindwin
, a stream almost its equal in volume, which likewise comes from the very north of the Province. South of its junction with the Chindwin the Irrawaddy is fed from the west by various small tributaries, rising in the Arakan Yoma and the Pakokku Chin Hills, of which the most noteworthy are the Yaw, Mon, and Man, and by a few minor streams from the direction of the Pegu Yoma; but after entering Lower Burma, little is added to its volume before it spreads out like a fan in the delta country in the neighbour hood of Henzada. A journey down the Irrawaddy would amply suffice to show to the traveller Burma in most of its varied guises. Emerging from its northern home in the Kachin Hills the river plunges, about 60 miles below the town of Myitkyina, through the third defile, or ‘the Gates of the Irrawaddy,’ a succession of foaming stretches of water hemmed into an almost inconceivably narrow channel, which is impassable during the rains and not without its dangers in the dry season. From the Gates southwards high hills stand on either hand, sending their outlying slopes down to the water’s edge. They recede somewhat in the neighbourhood of Bhamo, but between that town and Shwegu they throw a formidable barrier across the river. At this second defile IRRAWADDY RIVER 3 6 9 the current forces its way through an enormous rift in a rugged spur; and the river steamer swings through turbulent water at the foot of high grim crags down a passage so narrow that at each fresh bend the rocky walls ahead have the appearance from a distance of uniting and offering no outlet. South and west of the defile wide kaing -grass
plains open out, to shut again above Katha, and thence marshy level and wooded hill slope alternately till somewhat to the north of Mandalay. Here, after the first defile (less imposing than the two northerly ones) has been passed, the high ground retires from the river to give place to the central plain of Burma, over which the Dis tricts of the dry zone extend. For hours together all that can be seen beyond the blinding white banks and low sandy bluffs by the river’s edge are rolling stretches of rocky land, covered with sparse under growth and backed by yellow sandstone ridges. Hills there are, but they are mostly remote. From Myingyan southwards P o p a alone
raises its mass above the plain; but it seems to have nothing in common with its environment, and its blue serves only to heighten the dusty glare of the thirsty land it looks down upon. With the approach to Prome, however, the dry belt is passed, vegetation thickens, each hour carries the traveller into areas of heavier rainfall; and by the time the delta is reached and the river spreads out towards the sea, all signs of rising ground have disappeared, and on every side plains of rich paddy-fields and flat stretches of jungle extend away to the horizon. The farther south the river flows, the oftener does it send off branches to meander through the fertile levels; and near the coast the country becomes a maze of turbid tidal creeks, flowing through dreary expanses of mangrove jungle. As a source of irrigation, the value of the Irrawaddy is enormous. During the monsoon its waters rise and inundate all the low-lying ground in the vicinity of the channel. When they fall again in October and November, vast stretches of rich soil are left on and adjoining the banks, and on the many islands in the bed of the stream, which are suitable for rice, and for what is known as kci'uig cultivation. The river does not, however, supply water to any of the regular irri gation systems of the Province. In the delta the country adjoining its channel is protected from inundation by an elaborate system of embankments. A considerable portion of the internal trade of the country passes up and down the Irrawaddy. The steamers of the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company run throughout the greater part of its course, bringing down petroleum, tea, cotton, and grain from the up-country stations on its banks, and returning laden with cargoes of salt, piece-goods, and a number of other articles. Some of these boats are in themselves floating bazars, on which the river villages have learnt to depend
37° IRRAWADDY RIVER for a regular supply of commodities. Native boats, too, ply up and down, performing on a small scale similar commercial functions to those discharged by the Company, and throughout the year rafts of bamboo and timber are floated in enormous quantities down the stream. The Irrawaddy is the main source of water-supply to the towns and villages on its banks. At Prome there are systematic water-works by which the river water is distributed through the town. The river is tidal as far as Danubyu or Donabyu, about 70 miles from the coast. The Irrawaddy is nowhere bridged. At two points, between Amarapura and Sagaing, and between Tharrawaw and Henzada, it cuts across the line of railway and is crossed by a steam ferry. A railway bridge at the first of these ferries is in contemplation.
—District of the Gwalior State, Central India, lying between 24 0 3' and 25 0 12' N. and 76° 52' and 78° 20' E., with an area of 3,591 square miles. The population in 1901 was 248,679, giving a density of 75 persons per square mile. The district contains two towns, Mungaou
(population, 4,797), the head-quarters, and Guna
(including the military station, 11,452) ; and 1,367 villages. The country on the eastern and western borders is hilly, while that in the centre of the tract is typical of the Malwa
plateau. It is divided into four parganas, with head-quarters at Bajranggarh, Kumbhraj, Isagarh, and Mungaoli. The land revenue is Rs. 4,97,000.
—Trans-Indus tahsil
of Mianwali District, Punjab, lying between 32 0 30' and 33 0 14' N. and 71 0 7' and 71 0 44' E., with an area of 678 square miles. It contains the muni cipalities of Isa Khel (population, 7,630), the head-quarters, and Kalabagh (5,824); and 43 villages. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to i-6 lakhs. Eying on the west bank of the Indus, this
is cut off from the rest of the District, and would seem to belong more properly to the North-West Frontier Province, but is separated even more completely from Bannu by the semicircular fringe of the Chichali and Maidani hills, which leave it open only on the river side. These hills drain into Isa Khel and make it fertile. Its extreme northern portion, known as the Bhangi Khel country, is a wild and rugged region, a continuation of the Khattak hills. The Bhangi Khel are a soldierly, but numerically small, section of the great Khattak tribe, and occupied their present country about 400 years ago. The
derives its name from the Isa Khel tribe, a section of the Niazai Afghans, who, settling here during the sixteenth century, long maintained their independence of the Mughal empire, and at last succumbed to the Nawab of Dera Ismail Khan.
—Head-quarters of the tahsil of the same name in Mianwali District, Punjab, situated in 32 0 42' N. and 71 0 17' E., on the right bank of the Indus, about 8 miles west of the present main
ISTATiF channel. Population (1901), 7,630. The town was founded about 1830 by Ahmad Khan, ancestor of the present Khans of Isa Khel, who are the acknowledged heads of the trans-Indus Niazai; and it takes its name from Shah Isa Khel, a religious teacher, whose descendants still live in the town. The municipality was created in 1875. ^ ie income and expenditure during the ten years ending 1902-3 averaged Rs. 4,400. In 1903-4 the income was Rs. 5,100, chiefly derived from octroi : and the expenditure was Rs. 4,600. A small cattle market is held weekly. The town contains a dispensary and a municipal vernacular middle school. Islamabad.—Town in the State of Kashmir, situated in 33 0 44' N. and 75 0 12' E., about a mile from the right bank of the Jheluni, near the point where that river becomes navigable. Population (1901), 9,390. It lies under an elevated table-land, 011 the edge of which rises a conical hill, overlooking the town. From its foot flows a vigorous spring, the Anantnag, a name applied to the town by Hindus. There are numerous other springs, one of which, the Malik- nag, is sulphurous, and its water is highly prized for garden cultiva tion. Some of the inhabitants are shawl-weavers, but a large number are engaged in agriculture. It is generally believed that Islamabad was once a large and prosperous place, though now there are few signs of prosperity or growth. The sanitation has been much neglected, and this constitutes a danger to the health of the capital, Srinagar. Islamnagar.—Town in the Bisaull
tahsll
of Budaun District, United Provinces, situated in 28° 20' N. and 78° 44' E., 6 miles south-east of the Bahjoi station on the Oudh and Robilkhand Rail way. Population (1901), 6,367. During the Mutiny, ¡11 May, 1858, there was a skirmish near this place between a body of rebels and the troops of the loyal Navvab of Rampur, the latter being victorious. The town is administered under Act XX of 1856, with an income of about Rs. 1,500. It is the chief market in the neighbourhood for agricultural produce, and there is a large export of raw sugar. It contains a dispensary and a middle school with 112 pupils. Islampur.—Town in Satara
District, Bombay
Presidency. See U r u n -I s l a m
i j u r . Istalif.—Town in the Kabul province of Afghanistan, situated in 34 0 59' N. and 69° 5' E., 20 miles north-north-west of Kabul city. The population, including that of seven villages depending 011 it, comprises from 15,000 to 18,000 souls. The inhabitants are Tajiks, Ghilzais, Kizilbashis, and about fifty families of Sikh shopkeepers. The Tajiks of Istalif, contrary to the usual habits of these people, are among the most turbulent in the country. They have the repu tation also of being the best foot-soldiers in Afghanistan, and are a healthy and handsome race, fond of sport and war. ’ 1; b 2 |
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling