I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i

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Jagtial Town.

—Head-quartcrs of the

taluk

of the same name in

KarTmnagar District, Hyderabad State, situated in 18

48' N. and

78° 55'E. Population (1901), 11,181. To the north of the town is

a celebrated old fort, constructed in 1747 by Zafar-ud-daula. The

town contains a dispensary and a State school, besides being the

head-quarters of a Second Talukdar. Silk

saris

and scarfs are made

here by the Salas.

JAll A NA HAD SUP, DIVISION

Jahanabad Subdivision.—Northern subdivision of Gaya District,

Bengal, lying between 24

59' and 25

19' N. and 84° 27' and

85° 13' E., with an area of 606 square miles. The population in

1901 was 386,535, compared with 393,8x7 in 1891; and with 638

persons to the square mile, it is more densely populated than the rest

of the District. The country is alluvial, well cultivated, and intersected

by several rivers ; and the surface is generally level. It contains one

town,

ahanabad

(population, 7,018), its head-quarters; and 1,078

villages. It possesses several remains of archaeological interest, which

are referred to in the article on

aya

istrict

Jahanabad Town (1).—Head-quarters of the subdivision of the

same name in Gaya District, Bengal, situated in 25

13'’ N. and 85° o' E.,

at the confluence of the Morhar (or Dardha) and Jamuna rivers, on the

Patna-Gaya road and on the Patna-Gaya branch of the East Indian

Railway. Population (1901), 7,018. It was once famous for its

weaving industry, and in 1760 it formed one of the eight minor

branches connected with the central factory of the East India

Company at Patna. In the early years of the nineteenth century the

town contained about 700 houses, a cloth factory, and a native agency

for the manufacture of saltpetre. The manufacture of cotton cloth has

now been displaced by Manchester goods, but large numbers of the

Jolaha or Muhammadan weaver class still live in the neighbourhood.

The trade consists chiefly of food-grains, oilseeds, piece-goods, and

fancy articles of European manufacture. The town contains the usual

public offices; the sub-jail has accommodation for 70 prisoners.

Jahanabad Town (2).—Town in the Khajuha

tahsil

of Fatehpur

District, United Provinces.

See

ora

Jahanglra.—Island in the Ganges, situated in the head-quarters

subdivision of Bhagalpur District, Bengal, in 25

15' N. and 86° 44' E.

It contains a

lingam,

a temple, and several interesting rock sculptures.

[Archaeological Survey Reports

, vol. xv, pp. 20-4.]

Jahanglrabad.—Town in the Anupshahr

tahsil

of Bulandshahr

District, United Provinces, situated in 28° 24' N. and 78° 6

'

E.,

15 miles by metalled road from Bulandshahr town. Population (1901),

11,572. The town was built by Anup Rai, founder of

nupshahr

who named it after the emperor Jahangir. The place stands low, and

was formerly very unhealthy, owing to the stagnant water in the neigh

bourhood and a ditch round the town ; but this has now been drained.

Act XX of 1856 is in force, and the income is about Rs. 3,300. There

is an important market, which is the centre of a flourishing grain trade.

The principal manufacture is calico-printing, excellent counterpanes,

curtains, and cloths being turned out. The middle school is attended

by over 250 pupils, 40 of whom reside in a boarding-house ; and there

is a small aided primary school with 38 pupils.

JAf/OA

379

Jahazgarh.—Village

the

Jhajjar

tahsil

Rohtak

District,

Punjab.

See

eorgegarh

Jahazpur.—Head-quarters of a

zita

or district of the same name,

in the north-east corner of the State of Udaipur, Rajputana, situated in

2

5

°

3l'

N. and 75

17' E., about 12 miles south-west of the canton

ment of Deoli. Population (1901),

3 , 3 9 9 .

On an isolated hill over

looking the town, and guarding the eastern entrance of an important

pass, stands a large and strong fort consisting of two ramparts, one

within the other, each having a deep ditch and numerous bastions.

Jahazpur contains a primary school attended by 70 boys, and a hospital

with accommodation for 10 in-patients. The town is said to have

been taken by Akbar from the Rana about 1567, and seven years later

was given in

jaglr

to Jagmal, who had gone over to the imperial court

in consequence of some disagreement with his elder brother, Rana

Pratap Singh. In the eighteenth century it was held for short periods

by the Raja of Shahpura, and in 1806 was taken possession of by

Zalim Singh, the famous Diwan of Kotah, who, at the intervention of

the British Government, gave it up in 1819, when it was restored to

Udaipur. The district now consists of the town and 306 villages,

largely inhabited by Minas.

Jaigarh.—Seaport in the District and

taluka

of Ratnagiri, Bombay,

situated in 17

17' N. and 73

13' E., at the southern entrance to the

Shastri or Sangameshwar river, 99 miles south of Bombay. Population

(1901), 2,567. The harbour forms a bay 2 miles long and 5 miles

broad, with deep water, and well protected against winds. The exports,

which amounted to 4-9 lakhs in 1903-4, are chiefly firewood and

molasses; the imports, which in the same year amounted to 6-6 lakhs,

are principally rice and salt. Jaigarh is now little more than a fishing

village. The fort, which occupies an area of 4 acres, is situated close

to the shore on gently rising ground about 200 feet above the sea.

The walls and bastions are, except in a few places, still in good repair,

but are gradually decaying. The fort was originally built by the

Bijapur kings, and was afterwards the retreat of a noted Hindu pirate,

the Naik of Sangameshwar, who was sufficiently powerful to resist

two combined expeditions of the Portuguese and Bijapur forces sent

against him in 1583 and 1585. In 1713 Jaigarh passed into the hands

of the famous Alaratha sea-robber Angria; and in June, 1818, on the

downfall of the Peshwa, was surrendered to the British. A lighthouse,

visible for 13 miles, stands on the headland. The town contains one

school.

Jaijon.—Ancient town in the Garhshnnkar

tahsil

of Hoshiarpur

District, Punjab, situated in 31

21' N. and 76° 13' E., on the outer

edge of the Siwaliks, ro miles north of Garhshankar town. Popu

lation (1901), 2,705. Though now of small importance, it was in early

JAIJOX

days the seat of the Jaswal Rajas. Raja Ram Singh first took up his

residence here ; and the fort which commanded the pass in the hills

is said to have been constructed in

1 7 0 1 ,

and to have been taken by

Ranjft Singh in

1 8 1 5 .

It was dismantled by the British Government

at annexation. The ruins of the palaces of the Jaswal Rajas are still

visible above the town. The place was till lately an emporium of

trade, second only to Hoshiarpur; and even now a good deal of cloth,

both country and English, passes through towards the hills, while hill

produce, such as rice, turmeric, &c., passes down to the plains.

Jainagar.—Town in the District of the Twenty-four Parganas,

Bengal.

See

ayxagar

Jaintia Parganas.—A tract of country in the north-east corner of

Sylhet District, Eastern Bengal and Assam, lying between

2 4

5 2 '

and

2 5

1 1 '

N. and

9 1

4 5 '

and

9 2

2 5 '

E., and between the Jaintia Hills

and the Surma river. Area,

4 8 4

square miles; population

( 1 9 0 1 ) ,

121,157. The

parganas

consist of a series of low depressions or

basins drained by the streams flowing into the Surma. The banks

of the rivers are the highest part of the country, and are generally

lined with villages, but in the centre of the basins water often remains

throughout the year. Much of the land at the foot of the hills and

at the western end of the tract lies too low for cultivation and is

covered with high jungle, and here and there the level of the plain

is broken by low isolated hills. The

parganas

originally formed part

of the territory of a native prince whose dominions extended over the

Jaintia Hills to the Kalang river in the plains of Assam. The Jaintia

Rajas were of Synteng or Khasi origin, and, although they had long

come under the influence of Hinduism, the custom of descent through

the female line was still maintained. Tradition has preserved the

names of twenty-two kings, and is, to some extent, confirmed by coins

and native records, which refer to the conquest of the State by the

Koch king Nar Narayan about 1565. The Jaintia Raja was defeated

and captured by the Ahom generals at the beginning of the eighteenth

century ; but the hillmen declined to submit to the conqueror’s yoke,

and the State continued for all practical purposes to be independent.

When Cachar was invaded by the Burmans in

1 8 2 4 ,

the Jaintia Raja

entered into an alliance with the British, but his conduct in this, as

in other matters, was not entirely above suspicion. In

1 8 3 2

kidnapped four British subjects from Sylhet, and sacrificed three of

them at Phaljor before the shrine of the goddess Kali. Similar

attempts had been made on three previous occasions, and the British

Government demanded the surrender of the guilty parties. No

satisfaction could be obtained by diplomacy ; and in

1 8 3 5

the Govern

ment, as a mark of their displeasure, annexed that portion of the

kingdom which lay in the Sylhet plains. The Raja then declined to

JAIPUR RESIDENCY

3

retain any portion of his diminished dominions, and the Jaintia Hills

lapsed to the British Government. After annexation the

parganas

were settled in 1836 for Rs. 36,000, and this settlement remained

substantially in force for the next twenty years. In 1856 they were

resettled for a further term of twenty years, the revenue demand

at the commencement of the settlement being Rs. 54,000, rising to

Rs. 62,000 in 1876, owing to the inclusion of land taken up during its

currency. At the next settlement the revenue was raised to Rs. 1,68,000;

but as it was found that the people could not bear such a sudden

enhancement, the demand was reduced to Rs. 1,24,000. In 1898 the

parganas

were again resettled for a term of fifteen years, the demand

being fixed at Rs. 1,87,000 on an area of 197,000 acres, of which

72,000 acres were uncultivated. The rates assessed on homestead and

cultivated land vary from Rs. 2-10 to 12 annas an acre. Four-fifths of

the cultivated area is under rice, most of which is of the long-stemmed

variety sown in marshy tracts. In the cold season mustard and

linseed are grown, chiefly on land which lies too low for rice. The

rainfall is abundant, but is sometimes unfavourably distributed, and

much damage is occasionally done by the floods of the hill streams.

On the other hand, the soil is fertile, and the villagers can obtain a

ready market for the surplus products of their rice-fields and of the

excellent fruit gardens that surround their houses. The people are,

however, unenterprising and backward, village industries are almost

unknown, and the ryots are in consequence compelled to buy nearly

everything that they require. A considerable portion of the

parganas

lies too low for cultivation and is covered with dense jungle, and the

climate at the foot of the hills is malarious and unhealthy.

Jaintiapur.—Village in the North Sylhet subdivision of Sylhet

District, Eastern Bengal and Assam, situated in 25

8' N. and 92

8' E.

It was formerly the capital of the Jaintia Raja, whose territory was

annexed in 1835 consequence of his complicity in the murder of

th ree British subjects offered up to the goddess Kali. There were for

merly some interesting remains, marking the transition from the primi

tive paganism of the hill tribes to the elaborate Hinduism imported

from Bengal, the former symbolized by great monoliths of unhewn

stone, the latter by Hindu temples with their carvings and images.

These ruins were, however, thrown down by the earthquake of 1897,

and Jaintiapur is 110 longer a place of much importance. A market

largely attended by the hill tribes is, however, held here once a week.

Jaipur Residency.—One of the eight Political Charges into which

Rajputana is divided. It is made up of the States of Jaipur and

Kishangarh and the small chiefship of Lawa, lying in the eastern half of

the Agency, between 25

41' and 28° 34' N. and 74

40' and 77

13' E.

It is bounded on the north by Bikaner and the Punjab; on the west

JAirUR RESIDENCY

by Jodhpur and the British District of Ajmer; on the south by the

Shahpura ehiefship, and the States of Udaipur, Bundi, Tonk, Kotah,

and Gwalior; and on the east by Karauli, Bharatpur, and Alwar. The

head-quarters of the Resident are at Jaipur. The population has

varied:

(r8Sr)

2,642,457,

(1891)

2,952,842,

and

(1901)

2,752,307.

The decrease of nearly 7 per cent, during the last decade was due to

the famine of 1899-1900, and to a severe outbreak of malarial fever in

the autumn of 1900. The total area is 16,456 square miles, and the

density of population 167 persons per square mile, as compared with

76 for the Agency as a whole. Although fourth in size among the

political divisions of Rajputana, the Residency ranks first as regards

population. In 1901 Hindus formed nearly 91 per cent, of the total,

and Musalmans 7 per cent. Thfere were also 956 Christians (including

394 natives).

The following tabic gives details for the States and chiefship forming

the Residency:—

State.

Area in square

miles.

Population,

1 go 1.

Normal land re

venue (

khâlsa),

in thousands

of rupees.

Jaipur

Kishangarh

Làwa ^chiefship) .

'5:579

858

J

9

2,658.666

90,970

2,671

42,00

1,50

Total

16,456

2

,75

2

,307

43,60

There are altogether 5,959 villages and 41 towns. The largest towns

are

J a i p u r

i t y

(160,167),

S i k a r

(21,523),

E a t e i i p u r

(16,393),

K l S H A X G A R I l

(12,663),

N A W A L G A R H

(12,315),

j H U N J H U N U

(12,279),

H i x d a u n

(11,938), and

R a m g a r h

(11,023).

Jaipur State.—State in the north-east and east of Rajputana, lying

between 25

41' and 28° 34' N. and 74

41' and 77

13' E. Its area is

5j579 square miles, and it is consequently the fourth largest of the

Rajputana States. It is bounded 011 the north by Bikaner, Loharu,

and Patiala, while its detached district of Kot Kasim adjoins the

Rewari

tahsil

of Gurgaon District and the State of Nabha ; on the west

by Bikaner, Jodhpur, Kishangarh, and the British District of Ajmer :

on the south by Udaipur, Bundi, Tonk, Kotah, and Gwalior; and 011

the east by Karauli, Bharatpur, and Alwar. The country is for the

most part fairly level and open, although its surface is crossed and

Physical diversified by groups and ranges of hills, and by iso

aspects. kited peaks. The centre of the State is an elevated

table-land of triangular form, from 1,400 to 1,600

feet above sea-level. The base of this triangle is a line running

west from Jaipur city; the eastern side consists of ranges of hills

running north and south along the Alwar border: while the apex is

JAIPUR STATE

3

8

3

formed by a broken chain of hills, a portion of the

A

r a v a l l i

range,

which runs from near the Sambhar Lake in a north-easterly direction

as far as Khetri. These hills attain a considerable height, the loftiest

peak being Raghunathgarh (3,450 feet above the sea), and form

a natural boundary between the sandy desert tract of

S

h e k h a w a t i

to the north and the fertile plains of Jaipur proper to the south and

south-east. Westward from the capital, the country rises gradually

towards the Kishangarh border, consisting in great measure of broad,

open, treeless plains, dotted here and there with hills. In the extreme

south the hills reappear; and in the neighbourhood of Rajmahal, where

the Banas river has forced its way through the range, the scenery is

remarkable for its beauty. The south-eastern portion of the State has

many ranges of low hills, and near the Karauli border is much inter

sected by ravines, while to the east of the capital there is a rapid

fall of from 300 to 400 feet within the first two or three miles,

after which a gradual slope follows the valley of the Banganga river

to the Bharatpur border.

The

B

a n a s

,

the principal river of Jaipur, flows for about no miles

through, or along the borders of, the State. It has numerous tributaries,

such as the Dain, the Mashi, the Dhil, the Galwa, and the Morel.

The

C

h a m c a l

merely forms the south-eastern boundary of the State,

separating it from Kotah and Gwalior territory. The

B

a n g a n g a

is for

about 90 miles a river of Jaipur, flowing first in a south-easterly direction

and then almost due east. Among other rivers are the Bandi, a tribu

tary of the Mashi; the Phund and Khari, tributaries of the Morel;

the Aman-i-Shah, which supplies Jaipur city with drinking-water, and

joins the Phund: the Mendha, which flows into the Sambhar Lake;

the Sabi or Sahibi, which flows north-east into Alwar, and thence

through Kot Kasim, into Gurgaon; and lastly the Kantli or Katli,

which, after a northerly course of some 60 miles through Shekhawati,

loses itself in the sand just within the Bikaner border. Almost all the

minor rivers are dry during the hot months. The only natural lake

of any importance is the salt lake at

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