I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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- AGRICULTURE 353
- VOL. XIII. a a 354 IXDUR DISTRICT
349 Governor-General (see Indore Citv) and Mhow. It is in charge of a
whose head-quarters are at Indore city; and for administrative purposes it is divided into seven
each in charge of an ami;/, who is collector and magistrate, with head-quarters at Indore, Ketma, Depalpur, Petlawad, Khurel, Mhow, and Sanwer. The land revenue is about 12-6 lakhs. A considerable trade in grain and opium is carried on, these commodities being exported mainly from Indore and Mhow. The district is traversed by the Ajmer-Khandwa section of the Rajputana- Mahva Railway, and by metalled roads from Agra to Bombay, Indore to Simrol and Khandwa, Mhow to Nnnach, Indore to Betma, and Indore to Depalpur, while many new feeder-roads are under construction. Indore City (
).—Capital of the State of the same name in Central India, situated in 22 0 43' N. and 75 0 54' E., on the banks of two small streams, the Saraswatl and Khan, tributary to the Sipra, and 011 the Ajmer-Khandwa section of the Rajputana-Malwa Railway, 440 miles from Bombay. The city stands 1,738 feet above sea-level, and covers an area of about 5 square miles. A village appears to have been founded here in 1715, when certain
from the. village of Kampel, 16 miles east of Indore, came and settled on the banks of the Khan river, attracted by the trade with the camps of the Marathii chiefs passing on their way to and from the Deccan, this spot being one of the regular stages on the route north of the Narbada. In 1741 they erected the temple of Indreshwar, of which the present name is a very common corruption. Ahalya Bai is said to have been attracted by the place, and, though Maheshwar remained the chief town in Holkar’s territory, she moved the district head-quarters here from Kampel. In 1801, however, the growing prosperity of Indore received a severe cheek, during the hostilities between Daulat Rao Sindhia and Jaswant Rao Holkar. An engagement took place in which Jaswant Rao was defeated and forced to retire to Jam in the Yindhyas. The town was delivered up to the mercies of the notorious Sarje Rao Ghatke, who plundered the bazar, razed all houses of any importance to the ground, and inflicted every form of atrocity 011 the inhabitants, so that the wells in the neighbour hood were filled with the corpses of unfortunate women who had committed suicide to escape dishonour. Jaswant Rao always made Ranipura and Bhanpura his administrative head-quartcrs, and it was not till after the Treaty of Mandasor (1818) that Indore became the capital of the State in fact as well as in name. In 1857 Indore and the Residency were the scene of considerable disturbances. Holkar’s Muhammadan troops mutinied and, after attacking the Resident’s house on July 1, marched northwards to join the rebels at Gwalior. The Maharaja, however, gave all the assistance he could, and, in spite
35° INDORE CITY of the demands of his troops, refused to surrender a number of Christians to whom he had given sanctuary in his palace. Population is rising steadily: (1881) 75,401, (1891-) 82,984, and (1901) 86,686. These figures do not include the residents in the adjoining tract called the Agent to the Governor-General’s Camp, which is described below. In 1901 Hindus numbered 65,103, or 75 per cent.; Musalmans, 18,652, or 21 per cent .; Jains, 2,558; and Parsls, 7. Indore, always an important commercial town, is now one of the largest trade centres in Central India, and the chief collecting and distributing centre for Southern Malwa. The chief articles of export are grain, tobacco, opium, country paper, cloths, and metal vessels ; the chief imports are European hardware, cloth, stores, machinery, building materials, kerosene oil, and raw cotton. There are no arts or manufactures of any importance, except the weaving of coarse cloth carried on in the city cotton mill. The city is divided into two main divisions : Old Indore, and the modern city with its continually spreading suburbs. The main thoroughfare leads across the Khan river into the great square in front of the palaces, and the remaining streets are poor and narrow. No buildings have special claims to architectural importance in the city, the most striking being the old palace, a lofty and imposing structure towering above all other buildings ; but many houses are adorned with fine wood-carving. Outside the city proper, on the western side of the railway, lie the cotton-mill, the new town hall, called the King Edward Hall, and the State officers’ club ; while to the east a new quarter known as Tukoganj is being opened out, containing the official residences of State officers and other houses. The remaining buildings of importance are the new palace constructed by Maharaja Sivaji Rao Holkar, the Tukoji Rao Hospital, State offices, guesthouse, English school, jail, barracks for the Imperial Service and State troops, and cenotaphs of deceased chiefs. The Holkar College stands upon the Agra-Bombay road, about 2 miles from the city. Municipal self-government was instituted in 1870, and the committee consists of seventeen members, four of whom are State officials. The conservancy, lighting, roads, and general administration of the city are in its hands. Funds are obtained from octroi and other taxes, the annual income amounting to about Rs. 70,000. After the Treaty of Mandasor in 18 r 8, a piece of land with an area of 1-35 square miles was assigned by the Indore Darbar for the use of the Resident at the court of Holkar. In 1854, on the appointment of an Agent to the Governor-General for Central India, this became his head-quarters, and is still commonly known to Europeans as the Residency or Camp. In 1857, during the Mutiny, the officiating Agent to the Governor-General, Colonel Durand, was obliged to retire
INDUR DISTRICT to Sehore. The Residency house, which was built between 1820 and 1827, is a substantial structure of basalt, standing in fine open park like surroundings near the Khan, a tributary of the Sipra, which has been dammed so as to form a lake. Besides the Residency, the Camp contains official houses for the Resident at Indore (see Indore Residency), two Assistants to the Agent to the Governor-General, the Residency Surgeon, and other officers. Other buildings of importance are the head-quarters offices, the Daly College for sons of Central India chiefs., a church and a Roman Catholic chapel, a large civil hospital, and a Central jail. The station is garrisoned by one company of British infantry and the Malwa Bhil Corps, besides the Agent’s escort of a detachment of Central India Horse. The population in 1901 was 11,118. The head-quarters of the Canadian Presbyterian Mission, including a large college, are situated in the station. The Residency bazar, originally a small settlement, has expanded into a large trade centre, and is under the immediate administrative control of an Assistant to the Agent to the Governor-General. A considerable income is derived from cesses and taxes, yielding Rs. 50,000 per annum, which is expended on sanitation, education, medical relief, and the policing of the station. The head-quarters of the Malwa Opium Agency are also situated here, including a set of Government scales at which duty is paid 011 opium for export. Administrative and juris dictional powers within Residency limits are vested in the Agent to the Governor-General
Central India). Indur District 1 .—District in the Bldar Division of Hyderabad State, lying between the Districts of Sirpur Tandur on the north, Elgandal on the east, Medak on the south, and Bldar and Nander on the west, and between 18^ 5' and 19 0 30' N. and 77 0 40' and 79 0
jdgir and
paigah lands, the area of the khdlsa lands being 3,574 square miles. A range of hills runs through the north between .
ca 1 Nander and Elgandal. There are also minor ranges aspects in the west and cast. The largest river is the Go davari, which enters from the adjoining District of Nander on the west, andj after traversing the northern portion for about 70 miles, passes into Elgandal District. The Manjra, the chief tributary of the Go davari, crosses the District from the south-west and joins the Godavari near Kandkurti in the Bodhan taluk , after a course of 62 miles. The Pcnganga forms the boundary between the Narsapur
in the north and the Pusad
of Berar. Smaller rivers are the Siddha in the Narsapur
, the Phulang in the Indur and Armur taluks , and the Suran, which passes through Narsapur and Nirmal. All these 1 This District ceascd to exist in 1905. See scction un Population and the articlc on Nizamabad District, which has taken its placc.
IXDUR DISTRICT are tributaries of the Godavari. The Yedlakatta Vagu is a small perennial stream in Kamareddipet. The rocks belong to the Archaean and the Deccan trap formations, the former occupying the larger area. The Deccan trap occurs prin cipally along the northern frontier. The chief trees are teak, black-wood, ebony,
tomentosa ),
eppa
and
tarvar (Cassia ai/riot/ata). All the taluks except Mudhol are largely overgrown with jungle, giving cover to tigers, bears, leopards, cheetahs, wild dogs, hyenas, wild hog, sdmbar, spotted deer, and nilgai. From February to the end of May the climate is dry and healthy, but during the monsoons and the cold season it is damp and malarious, giving rise to fever and ague. The temperature ranges between 40° in December and no 0 in May. In the Nirmal taluk the water is bad, and dropsy and malarial fevers are common. The annual rainfall for the twenty years ending 1901 averaged 42 inches. The District was conquered by Ala-ud-din Khilji in 1311. Later it formed part of the Bahmani, and subsequently of the Kutb Shahi jj -
kingdoms ; and 011 the fall of the latter was annexed ’ by Aurangzeb to the Mughal empire, from which it was separated on the foundation of the Hyderabad State, early in the eighteenth century. Chief among the archaeological and historical remains of the District may be mentioned the fort of Nirmal. The surrounding country is literallv dotted with hills, the majority of which still bear signs of former fortifications. The main defences which surround Nirmal are of European design and construction, having been built by French officers in the Nizam’s service. South-west of the town of Nizamabad are the remains of a great fortified temple known as the fort of Indur, which has now been converted into a Central jail. There are two old and richly carved temples at the village of Yellareddipet, with an abun dance of figure sculpture adorning both. Ten miles south of Nizam abad, at the small village of Gaursamudram, are the tombs of three Armenians, dating from the latter part of the seventeenth century. The number of towns and villages in the District is 1,159. The population at each Census during the last twenty years was: (1881) Population 577,264, (1891) 639,598, and (1901) 634,588. The ’ famine of 1899-1900 accounts for the decline of population in the last decade. The chief towns are
A rmur , N irmal
, B odhan
, M udhol
, K ondalnvadi , and
B alkonda
, the last two being in a paigah and a jdgir respectively. I ndur
is the
District head-quarters. More than 91 per cent, of the population are Hindus, and nearly all the rest Musalmans. About 78 per cent, of the AGRICULTURE 353 population speak Telugu. The following table gives the chief statistics of population in 1901 :—
Area in square miles. Number of Q.«? Percentage of variation in population be tween
1S91 and 1901. Number of persons able to read and write.
Towns. Villages. Populatioi Population | square mil Indiir . . 4 ! 5 I 69 52,778 127
+ IO \ Nirmal . . 500 I IOO 4 I ,35 I «3 — 16.4
Armür . . 479 I
50,7 1 7 106
- 2.9 Bïmgal . . 311
29,508
95 + 2-2
Kàmâreddipet . rUS
71 43,375 12S
+ 2.4 c
Yellâreddipet . 17- 70
7,574 160 - 3-6 \ > Bânswâda . 3 1 9
+ 2.8
Bodhan . . 2 37 I
2 3 1 ,668
1 33 + 4.1
O Mudhol . . 282 I
42,640 !5‘ — h i
A Narsâpur . . 5 2 1
48.489
93 - 0.8
J agir s,
CtV. . 1,248
2 4°3 22S,5l6
175 — 2-2
) District total 4,822
1 . 1 5 2 634,588 I3 1 - 1-3 1 3 ,
i
In 1905 the taluks of Nirmal and Narsâpur were transferred to the new District of Adilâbâd, and Mudhol and part of Bànswâda to Nander. The rest of Bànswâda was divided between Bodhan and Yellâreddipet, while Blmgal was merged in Armür. Other changes were made in Yellâreddipet and Kàmâreddipet, and the District in its new shape is known as
The purely agricultural castes number 175,600, or about 28 per cent, of the population, the most important being Kâpus (83,000), Munnürs (40,000), and Kolis (30,000). Next come the Dhangars or shep herds (36,000), and the Baniâs or trading castes, consisting mainly of Komatis (13,800) and Vânïs (17,000). There are 11,500 Brah mans. The weaver castes comprise Sâlâs (12,000), Julâhâs (13,600), and Koshtls (5,100). The Bestàs or /«/¿/-bearers number 17,000. There are also 12,000 Lammânis or grain-carriers. Among the low castes are Mâlas or Dhers (64,000), and Mângs or Chamàrs who are leather-workers (32,000). These last also work as field-labourers. 'The Kalâls or toddy-drawers number about 12,000. More than 51 per cent, of the population are dependent on the land. A Methodist Mission was started at Kanteshwar close to Nizâm âbâd in 1899, which manages two schools and a carpenter’s workshop. Native Christians numbered 32 in 1901, of whom 2 were Methodists. In the
of Narsâpur and Mudhol regar or black cotton soil predominates, while
,
, and
, which are mostly sandy, gravelly, and light-coloured soils, are found Agriculture in the rest of the District. ‘ Wet ’ cultivation is not * practised in these two taluks, while the existence of numerous tanks is VOL. XIII. a a
354 IXDUR DISTRICT a marked feature in the others. The soils at the foot of the hills and in valleys are generally very fertile. The tenure of lands is entirely ryotwdri. In 1901, out of 3,574 square miles of
land, 1,042 were cultivated, 497 were occupied by fallows and cultivable waste, 1,388 by forests, and 647 were not available for cultivation. The staple food-crop is joivar , grown on 58 per cent, of the net area cropped. Next in importance is rice, covering 191 square miles. The other food-grains. such as kodro, lachhna, and maize, occupy 128 square miles; and cotton 34. The ordinary breeds of cattle, ponies, sheep, and goats are met with throughout the District. The cattle reared in the hilly portions are more hardy than those of the plains, but both are small. The taluk of Nirmal was once noted for its fine cattle, supposed to have been introduced from Sirpur Tandur. Two stallions are kept for improving the breed of horses, one at Nizamabad and the other at Kamareddipet. In 1901, 119 square miles were irrigated. The principal irrigation channels take off from the Phulang and Suran rivers and the Yedla- katta stream, and supply some of the chief tanks. Other canals and channels are supplied from irrigation dams; and there are 635 large tanks, 837
or smaller tanks, and 3,112 wells in good working order. Indur has large tracts of forests. Every taluk, except Mudhol, con tains some forest lands, and the growth in Nirmal and Blmgal is dense. Teak, black-wood ( Dalbergia latifolia), ebony ( Diospyros melanoxylon), nalldmaddi (
Terminalia tomentosa), eppa (
Hardwickia binata), and
bijdsdl
grow well in these two
pro
ducing timber of good scantling. The timber trees elsewhere are inferior, but supply railway sleepers and poles. Fuel is abundant in all the
except Mudhol, where the ryots plant babul and
nim trees. ‘Reserved’ forests cover 795 square miles, and unprotected forests 593. The District possesses good basaltic and granitic building stone. The ironstone found in BTmgal and Armur is excellent, and sword- blades made from the Konasamudram (Armur taluk) steel were once famous for their strength and peculiar damascening. Coarse cotton cloth of every description is made throughout the District. In Armur, the Khatris weave various kinds of silk
and silk cloth, more than half of which, valued at Trade and Rs. - j c . o o o
annually, is exported. In Blmgal and communications. , JJI
. 1 . 0 Nirmal, palanquins, trays, chairs and tables, toys and native playing-cards, leathern shields, and panels for screens are neatly painted with colours of local manufacture and with embossed patterns. Brass vessels, glass bangles, stone tumblers and cups are exported from these
taluks, and also steel knives and other cutting instruments of |
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