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I. 5. Moddalar tarkibidagi elementlar valentligini aniqlash
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I. 5. Moddalar tarkibidagi elementlar valentligini aniqlash
N2O – azot(I)-oksid, NO- azot(II)-oksid, NO2- azot(IV)-oksid, N2O3 – azot(III)-oksid, N2O5 – azot(V)-oksid, FeO- temir (II)-oksid, Fe2O3 - temir (III)-oksid, Fe3O4 - temir qo’shoksid, H2Cr2O7 – bixromat k, H2CrO4- xromat kislota, H3PO4 – ortofosfat k-ta, H3PO3- fosfit kislota, HPO3- metafosfat k, H4P2O7-pirofosfat k, Cr(OH)2- xrom (II)-gidroksid, Cr(OH)3- xrom(III)- gidroksid, Fe(OH)2- temir (II) gidroksid, Fe(OH)3- temir(III)- gidroksid, NaHCO3- natriy gidrokarbonat (ichimlik soda), CuSO4- mis(II)-sulfat, KMnO4- kaliy permanganate, K2Cr2O7- kaliy bixromat, (NH4)2Cr2O7- ammoniy bixromat I.6. Valentlik yordamida formula tuzish. Oksid, asos, kislota, tuz Moddalarning grafik (struktura) formulalarini tuzish. ZnO, CrO, Cr2O3, CrO3, Li2O, Na2O, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cu2O, CuO, Ag2O, BaO, Be(OH)2, NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, KOH, Ca(OH)2, RbOH, Sr(OH)2, CsOH, CuOH, Cu(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Sn(OH)4, Pb(OH)2, Pb(OH)4, Cr(OH)3, Na2S, K2S, MgS, CaS, Al2S3, Na2SO3, K2SO3, MgSO3, CaSO3, Al2(SO3)2, CuSO3, BaSO3, NaNO2, KNO2, Mg(NO2)2, Al(NO2)3, Na3PO4, K3PO4, Mg3(PO4)2, Ca3(PO4)2, NaClO4, KClO4, Mg(ClO4)2, NaClO2, KClO2, Ca(ClO2)2, Na2SiO3, K2SiO3 I.7. Kimyoviy tenglamalar va ularga koeffissiyentlar tanlash. Na+O2→ Na2O K+O2→K2O C+O2→CO Cu+O2→ CuO Al+O2→Al2O3 P+O2→P2O3 P+O2→P2O5 NH3 + O2 → NO +H2O CH4 +O2 → CO2 + H2O PH3 +O2 → P2O5 + H2O SiH4 + O2 → SiO2 + H2O CrO+O2→ Cr2O3 SO2+O2→ SO3 Fe(OH)3→ Fe2O3 + H2O Cr(OH)3→ Cr2O3 + H2O H3AlO3 Al2O3 + H2O H3CrO3→ Cr2O3 + H2O P2O5 + H2O → H3PO4 Cl2O + H2O → HClO Cl2O3 + H2O → HClO2 Cl2O5 + H2O → HClO3 Cl2O7 + H2O → HClO4 Cl2O7 + NaOH → NaClO4+ H2O SO3 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O N2O5 + NaOH → NaNO3+ H2O P2O5 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca3(PO4)2 + H2O Na2O+H2O→ NaOH K2O+ H2O→ KOH Na2O+HCl→ NaCl + H2O CaO+ HCl → CaCl2 + H2O Na2O+H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + H2O Na2O+HNO3→ NaNO3 + H2O CaO+ HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O Na2O+P2O5→ Na3PO4 CaO+ P2O5→ Ca3(PO4)2 Al2O3 +HCl → AlCl3 + H2O Al2O3 + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2O Na + H2O → NaOH +H2 HCl + Na2S → NaCl + H2S K + H2O → KOH +H2 Mg + H2O → Mg(OH)2 +H2 Ca + H2O → Ca(OH)2 +H2 Na2O + H2O → NaOH MgH2 + H2O → Mg(OH)2 +H2 CaH2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2 +H2 CuSO4 + KOH → Cu(OH)2+ K2SO4 MnCl2 + KOH → Mn(OH)2 +KCl Fe(NO3)2 + KOH → Fe(OH)2 + KNO3 CrBr2 + KOH → Cr(OH)2 + KBr Al(NO3) + KOH → Al(OH)3 + KNO3 Ba(OH)2 +HCl → BaCl2 + H2O N2O5 + H2O → HNO3 SO2 + KOH → K2SO3 + H2O CO2 + KOH → K2CO3 + H2O P2O5 + KOH → K3PO4 + H2O Cl2O + KOH → KClO + H2O Cl2O3 + KOH → KClO2 + H2O Cl2O5 + NaOH → NaClO3+ H2O H2 + Cl2 → HCl NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 +HCl FeCl2 + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + HCl Al2S3 + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 +H2S FeS + HCl → FeCl2 + H2S Na2S + HCl → NaCl + H2S Al2S3 + HCl → AlCl3 + H2S Na2SiO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2SiO3 Al + HCl → ACl3 + H2 Cu(OH)2 + HCl → CuCl2 + H2O Cr(OH)2 + HCl → CrCl2 + H2O Fe(OH)3 + HCl → FeCl3 + H2O Cr(OH)3 + HCl → CrCl3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O Fe(OH)3 + HNO3 → Fe(NO3)3 + H2O H2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4 + HNO3 H3PO4 + CaCl2 → Ca3(PO4)2 + HCl HCl + Na2CO3 → NaCl +H2O + CO2 I. 8. Kimyoviy reaksiyalarlarning turlari Birikish reaksiyalari Oddiy moddalarning o’zaro birikishi Na2O, CaS, CO, Na2S, CO2, CuCl2, P2O3, ZnCl2, SO2, CaCl2, CaO, NH3, HCl, HJ, HBr, H2S, HF, SiO2, MgO, SnCl2, P2O5, AlCl3, Al2O3, CuO, FeCl3, K2O, NaCl, CuS, Cr2S3; Na + O2 → Na2O K + O2 → CII + O2 → CuII + O2 → CIV + O2 → Al + O2 → PIII + O2 → PV + O2 → SIV + O2 → Mg + O2 → Ca + O2 → SiIV + O2 → H2+Cl2→ H2+S→ H2+Br2→ H2+I2→ H2+F2→ H2+N2→ SnII+Cl2→ Ca+Cl2→ Al+Cl2→ Zn+Cl2→ FeIII+Cl2→ CuII+Cl2→ Na+Cl2→ Na+S→ CrIII+S→ Ca+S→ Cu+S→ Asosli oksidlarga suvning ta’siri Na2O + H2O → NaOH K2O + H2O → Rb2O + H2O → MgO + H2O → CaO + H2O → BaO + H2O → Kislotali oksidlarga suvning ta’siri H3BO3, HBrO4, HNO2, HBrO3, N2O5, H3AsO4, H3PO4, HClO3, H2SO4, HClO, HClO2, H2SO3, HClO4, H3PO3, HBrO, HNO2+HNO3, HBrO3, H2CO3; B2O3 + H2O → H3BO3 CO2+ H2O → N2O3+ H2O → NO2 + H2O → N2O5 + H2O → P2O3 + H2O → P2O5 + H2O → SO2 + H2O → SO3 + H2O → Cl2O + H2O → Cl2O3 + H2O → Cl2O5 + H2O → Cl2O7 + H2O → As2O3 + H2O → Br2O + H2O → Br2O3 + H2O → Br2O5 + H2O → Br2O7 + H2O → Asosli oksidlarga kislotali oksidlarning ta’siri Na3BO3, K3PO4, NaNO2, NaNO3, Ba3(PO3)2, CaCO3, CaSO3, Mg(BrO4)2, NaClO, NaBrO3, KClO3, KBrO, Ca3(AsO4)2, Mg(ClO4)2, Ba(BrO2)2, RbClO2, Na2SO4; B2O3 + Na2O → Na3BO3 CO2+ CaO → N2O3+ K2O → P2O3 + BaO → P2O5 + K2O → SO2 + CaO → SO3 + Na2O → Cl2O + Na2O → Cl2O3 + Rb2O → Cl2O5 + K2O → Cl2O7 + MgO → As2O3 + CaO → Br2O + K2O → Br2O3 + BaO → Br2O5 + Na2O → Br2O7 + MgO → N2O5 + Na2O → O’rin olish reaksiyalari Metal oksidlariga vodorodning ta’siri FeO+H2→ Fe +H2O; CuO+H2→ Fe2O3+H2→ CrO+H2→ Cr2O3+H2→ ZnO+H2→ SnO+H2→ WO3+H2→ Metal oksidlariga is gazining ta’siri FeO+CO→ Fe +CO2; CuO+CO→ Fe2O3+CO→ CrO+CO→ Cr2O3+CO→ ZnO+CO→ SnO+CO→ WO3+CO→ Metallarga kislotalarning ta’sri Na+HCl→ NaCl +H2; Ca+HCl→ K+HCl→ Zn+HCl→ Fe+HCl→ Na+H2SO4→ Ca+H2SO4→ K+H2SO4→ Zn+H2SO4→ Fe+H2SO4→ Na+H2SO3→ Ca+H2SO3→ K+H2SO3→ Zn+H2SO3→ Fe+H2SO3→ NaHCO3→ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O KHCO3→ CaCO3→ CaO + CO2 MgCO3→ AgNO3→ Ag + NO2 + O2 Hg(NO3)2→ Cu(NO3)2→ CuO + NO2 + O2 Mg(NO3)2→ NaNO3→ NaNO2 + O2 KNO3→ CaSO3→CaO + SO2 BaSO3→ BeSO3→ Na2SO3→ Asoslarning parchalanishi Fe2O3, Al2O3, FeO, ZnO, CuO, MnO, Cr2O3, CrO; Fe(OH)3→ Fe2O3 + H2O Fe(OH)2→ … + H2O; Cu(OH)2→ … + H2O Cr(OH)3→ … + H2O; Cr(OH)2→ … + H2O Mn(OH)2→ …+ H2O; Zn(OH)2→ … + H2O Al(OH)3→ Kislotalarning parchalanishi SO2, Cr2O3, SiO2, ZnO, CO2, Al2O3; H2SO3→ SO2 + H2O; H2SiO3→…+ H2O H2CO3→…+ H2O; H3AlO3 …+ H2O H2ZnO2→…+ H2O; H3CrO3→…+ H2O Almashinish reaksiyalari Asoslar va kislotalarning o’zaro ta’siri NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O KOH+HCl→ Ba(OH)2+HCl→ Mg(OH)2+HCl→ Ca(OH)2+HCl→ Al(OH)3+HCl→ Cu(OH)2+HCl→ Fe(OH)3+HCl→ Fe(OH)2+HCl→ NaOH+H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + H2O KOH+H2SO4→ Ba(OH)2+H2SO4→ Mg(OH)2+H2SO4→ Ca(OH)2+H2SO4→ Al(OH)3+H2SO4→ Cu(OH)2+H2SO4→ Fe(OH)3+H2SO4→ Fe(OH)2+H2SO4→ Zn(OH)2+H2SO4→ NaOH+HNO3→ NaNO3 + H2O KOH +HNO3→ Ba(OH)2+HNO3→ Mg(OH)2+HNO3→ Ca(OH)2+HNO3→ Al(OH)3+HNO3→ Cu(OH)2+HNO3→ Fe(OH)3+HNO3→ Fe(OH)2+HNO3→ Zn(OH)2+HNO3→ Tuzlarga kislotalarning ta’siri Na2CO3+HCl→ NaCl + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3+HCl→ K2CO3+HCl→ KHCO3+HCl→ CaCO3+HCl→ Ca(HCO3)2+HCl→ MgCO3+HCl→ Mg(HCO3)2+HCl→ Na2CO3+H2SO4→Na2SO4 + H2O NaHCO3+H2SO4→ K2CO3+H2SO4→ KHCO3+H2SO4→ CaCO3+H2SO4→ MgCO3+H2SO4→ Mg(HCO3)2+H2SO4→ Tuzlarga asoslarning ta’siri CuSO4+KOH→ K2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 FeCl3+KOH→ Zn(NO3)2+KOH→ Fe2(SO4)3+KOH→ CrCl2+KOH→ CrCl3+KOH→ Al(NO3)3+KOH→ MnSO4+KOH→ CuSO4+NaOH→ FeCl3+NaOH→ Zn(NO3)2+NaOH→ Fe2(SO4)3+NaOH→ CrCl2+NaOH→ CrCl3+NaOH→ Al(NO3)3+NaOH→ MnSO4+NaOH→ Tuzlarning o’zaro ta’siri NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl KCl+AgNO3→ BaCl2+AgNO3→ Na2SO4+BaCl2→ K2SO4+Ba(NO3)2→ Na2S+CuSO4→ K2S+Zn(NO3)2→ Tuzlarning gidrolizi(suv bilan ta’siri) Al2S3+H2O→Al(OH)3 + H2S AlN+H2O→ CH3COONH4+H2O→ CaC2+H2O→ Al4C3+H2O→ Cr2S3+H2O→ Download 97.44 Kb. 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