Ideas of a man,time and space in modernism

CHAPTER 1. HISTORY OF THE TERM
It is important to pay attention to the difference between the two terms - "modernism" and "modern", similar in sound in Russian. " Modern " refers to the period of development of art of the late XIX - early XX century in the style movements of art nouveau , art nouveau , secession and others, which mainly affected architecture and arts and crafts. Characteristic manifestations of Art Nouveau aesthetics are associated with the use of asymmetrical curved lines and stylized plant forms. "Modernism" is a broad concept, a phenomenon that reflects numerous trends, trends and directions in the culture of the first third of the 20th century, focused on overcoming the established artistic tradition as a whole and striving to renew ideas, forms, genres and values.
History of the term
The term "modernism", as well as the concept of "postmodernism", contrary to what was expected, was born not in the area of European culture, but in Latin American literature. It was invented by the Nicaraguan poet Ruben Dario in 1890 in order to contrast national modernism (Spanish modernismo ) with the European Spanish-speaking tradition. Only later, in the twentieth century, the concept of "modernism" began to be used in the countries of Western Europe. The German philosopher of the Frankfurt School T. Adorno noted “atomization: the desire for autonomy and structural form, the search for its constructive basis” as the main trend in the development of art of the 20th century.
However, modernism also has its extremes. The motto of typical modernist nihilism can be considered the phrase of the architect Le Corbusier : “Everything must start from scratch” (French “Il faut tout recommencer à zero "). The novelty was for the modernists something like a religion. New was required at any cost. Hence the concept of chronophagy (Greek chronos - "time" and phagomai - "I will eat") - devouring time, the inability to stay in the present. The modernist is like Kronos (Chronos) devouring his children. Time without the past (historical thinking) and the present reflects the restlessness and haste of modern man. The outstanding German romantic philosopher F. von Baader called such a “middle” time “elusive” (German Scheinzeit ). G. Sedlmayr in his article “The Loss of the Middle” (1948) wrote that the loss of the present (actual) between the past and the future leads to the extremes of passeism, one of the varieties of which, in his opinion, is classicism , or futurism, leading to nihilism and atheism.
Modernism was the main trend in Western European culture of the 20th century, manifesting itself in various art forms. In the second half of the 20th century, it was corrected, subjected to consistent criticism and supplanted by other artistic concepts. In particular, the ideology and philosophy of postmodernism .
Modernism in Fine Arts ]
Main article: Modernism in the visual arts
Modernism is a set of artistic trends in the art of the second half of the 19th - mid-20th centuries.
The term covers such areas of art as fauvism , cubism , futurism , impressionism , expressionism , constructivism , etc. The most significant modernist movements were impressionism , expressionism, neo- and post-impressionism , fauvism, cubism, futurism. Abstract art , Dadaism , surrealism are usually attributed to the avant-garde .
The date of the birth of modernism is often referred to as 1863 , the year the Salon des Les Miserables opened in Paris , where works rejected by the jury of the Paris Salon were accepted. In some cases, 1855, when Gustave Courbet presented the painting The Artist's Workshop, or 1784, when Jacques-Louis David completed work on the Oath of the Horatii ^[6] . It is widely believed that the main ideas and principles of modern art were formed as early as the 17th century ^[7] , at the dawn of modern art.
In a broad sense, modernism is “another art”, the main goal of which is the creation of original works based on inner freedom and a special vision of the world by the author and carrying new expressive means of visual language. In the first half of the 20th century, the development of modernism in architecture and design was associated with the emergence of the Bauhaus school , the spread of the ideas of functionalism , constructivism , and the New Vision .
Modernism in literature