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Mindfulness, Mobile paymen
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- = 0.517 R 2 = 0.175 R 2 = 0.122
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2 = 0.432 R 2 = 0.623 R 2 = 0.724 R 2 = 0.676 R 2 = 0.517 R 2 = 0.175 R 2 = 0.122 R 2 = 0.638 R 2 = 0.856 Note(s): (*) expresses that coefficients are significant at the 0.05 level Technological Novelty Seeking (NS), Engagement with the Technology (EG), Awareness of Local Contexts (LC), and Cognizance of Alternative Technologies (CN) Causal relationship Spain (n 5 380)
USA (n 5 414)
Standardized coefficient t –value
Standardized coefficient t –value
H1a : Mindfulness →Usefulness 0.482
7.464* 0.503
6.514* H1b
: Mindfulness →Ease of use 0.334 5.339*
0.689 9.336*
H1c : Mindfulness →Attitude 0.165
2.687* 0.230
2.964* H2a
: Usefulness →Attitude 0.476 8.303*
0.178 2.751*
H2b : Usefulness →Intention to use 0.311
7.305* 0.279
6.666* H3a
: Ease of Use →Usefulness 0.577 9.445*
0.529 8.655*
H3b : Ease of Use →Attitude 0.334
5.628* 0.637
9.552* H4a
: Subjective Norm →Attitude 0.194 6.246*
0.157 5.088*
H4b : Subjective Norm →Intention to use
0.087 3.753*
0.088 3.795*
H5 : Attitude →Intention to use 0.537
11.657* 0.524
11.688* Note(s): (*) expresses that coefficients are significant at the 0.05 level Figure 4. Conceptual model of mobile payment adoption
Table 6. Multisample analysis. Estimated coefficients and t-values IJBM 38,7
1588 total sample. The fit indicators were acceptable for this type of analysis (NNFI 5 0.908;
IFI 5 0.917; CFI 5 0.916). Second, the multisample analysis provided information about the significance of the differences between the coefficients of the two models. In order to assess these differences, we have to use the Lmtest. This test analyzes chi-squared variation when the constraint of equalizing one of the coefficients is eliminated. Lmtest assesses if the elimination of this constraint involves a significant change in the chi-squared, and as a consequence a significant improvement in model fit. Table 7 suggests that there are significant differences between the models to a level of 0.05 in 1 case, H1b
. 4. Discussion With the increasing popularity of mobile phones and novel technologies, such as NFC, mobile payment is set to gain rapid prominence ( Oliveira et al., 2016 ). As the present study investigates the factors that influence mobile payment adoption, it has both theoretical and managerial implications. 4.1 Theoretical implications Academically, like many other studies into mobile payment, this research aims to investigate the factors that influence the user ’s intention to adopt the service. To achieve this objective, a factorial model was proposed and tested. The causal relationships and hypotheses were analyzed using SEM. In many academic papers studying mobile payment adoption, factors such as perceived ease of use ( Li ebana-Cabanillas et al., 2018a , b ), perceived usefulness ( Li ebana-Cabanillas et al., 2018a , b ), trust ( Lu, et al., 2011 ), subjective norms ( Li ebana-Cabanillas et al., 2018a , b ) and attitude ( de Luna et al., 2018 ) have been considered as critically important in the development of adoption. The results of the present study confirmed the effect of these variables. Perceived usefulness was found to have had a positive influence on attitude and intention to use. Perceived ease of use positively affected perceived usefulness and attitude. Subjective norms, as a form of social influence, had a direct and indirect influence on intention to use through their effect on attitude. Sun et al. (2016) proposed a technology acceptance mindfulness model to investigate the relationships between mindfulness and intention to use a technology and its other antecedents. In light of their work, the present study proposed a model of mobile payment adoption, taking mindfulness as one of the major constructs. Mindfulness and its four dimensions were all shown to have a positive and significant influence on perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and attitude, through which it indirectly influences use intention. Constraint df Chi-squared differences Likelihood H1a
: Mindfulness →Usefulness 1 0.034
0.853 H1b
: Mindfulness →ease of use 1 13.324
0.000 H1c
: Mindfulness →Attitude 1 0.210
0.647 H2a
: Usefulness →Attitude 1 3.433
0.064 H2b
: Usefulness →Intention to use 1 0.728
0.394 H3a
: Ease of Use →Usefulness 1 0.095
0.758 H3b
: Ease of Use →Attitude 1 3.242
0.072 H4a
: Subjective Norms →Attitude 1 3.437
0.064 H4b
: Subjective Norms →Intention to use 1 0.203
0.652 H5 : Attitude →Intention to use 1 0.866 0.352 Table 7.
Multisample analysis. LMTest
Mindfulness in mobile
payments adoption
1589 A mindful person tends to find mobile payment more functional (money transfers, ticket buying, hotel bookings, etc.) and easier to operate ((s)he only needs to carry a mobile device, not cash or bank cards). This can be analyzed through the four dimensions of mindfulness ( Sun et al., 2016 ). A mindful individual pays more attention to the differences between mobile payment and other payment methods, such as cash or credit cards (cognizance of alternative technologies) and enjoys the novelty of mobile payment (technological novelty seeking). At the same time, a mindful person is aware of the local contexts where mobile payment can be undertaken, for example, shopping in physical stores or online (awareness of local contexts), and is willing to engage with the mobile payment process (engagement with the technology). Future research concerning mobile payment or technology adoption might include mindfulness as an important factor. Finally, the results of the multisample analysis allow us to affirm that in the vast majority of the hypotheses raised in this research there are no significant differences between the samples of the two countries. In short, the results indicate that we cannot argue that the model performs clearly differently between the two countries considered in this analysis. However, it is worth noting that some significant differences do exist (p 5 0.000), especially in the influence of mindfulness on perceived ease of use. Specifically, the influence of mindfulness on perceived ease of use is greater for users who present higher levels of mindfulness in the US sample ( β 5 0.689) than in the Spanish sample ( β 5 0.334). Perhaps the greater information overload (e.g. advertising, greater diversity of offers, etc.) to which US consumers are subject, as compared to Spanish consumers, can explain this greater effect in the US sample. Greater information overload might make it more difficult for consumers to focus on these new technologies and generate more important differences between users with higher mindfulness levels (e.g. interest in new technologies, awareness of other alternatives, etc.) and those who pay less attention to these issues. The result of the multisample analysis leads us to a dual conclusion. First, the adoption models proposed did not show many significant differences between the two countries. Second, mindfulness variable should also be included in future cross-cultural studies of mobile payment adoption. In fact, this is the only variable whose effects show significant differences between the two samples. 4.2 Managerial implications Some specific factors should be taken into consideration in terms of the managerial implications of the study. As most users are concerned about their privacy and personal information, mobile payment developers must make transactions more secure by implementing stronger encryption techniques, for example, Blockchain ( Lindman et al., 2017 ) and peer-to-peer systems ( Mainetti et al., 2012 ); this will help users build more trust in mobile payment. On the other hand, financial companies and institutions might conduct more promotional campaigns about mobile payment or specific mobile payment applications, emphasizing their usefulness and ease of use. For example, they might emphasize their convenience in comparison to cash and credit cards, the faster shopping experience, the security of transactions, and their improved performance. This may capture users ’ attention, thus contributing to the adoption of mobile payment ( Oliveira et al., 2016 ). In China, Alibaba and Wechat both put much effort into promoting their e-wallet applications. Companies in other countries should learn from this and help local users understand the advantages of mobile payment services. Companies and merchants should also pay attention to subjective norms as social influencers. Consumers are easily influenced by their friends, relatives, and the other people who surround them. The emergence of social networks has enhanced this relationship. Opinions shared by friends, relatives, and celebrities on social networks can strongly influence the recognition, promotion, and adoption of mobile payment technology ( Oliveira
IJBM 38,7
1590 et al., 2016 ). In this sense, it is critical to understand who are influencing consumers, and how to prompt these people to forward positive opinions about mobile payment to ensure it is more extensively used. Furthermore, mindfulness suggests that interventions should be designed to make people engage more with the tasks they perform ( Langer and Moldoveanu, 2000 ). Thus, mobile payment should be made more interesting to engage consumers in the payment experience. A good example is AliPay, a popular payment application in China. This provides its users with a credit after each payment. These credits can be subsequently used in an in-app game, where users plant virtual trees in virtual deserts and can thereafter be nurtured by further credits. 4.3 Limitations and future research lines Despite its contributions, this study is certainly not without limitations, which can lead to future research directions. First, the data were collected in online surveys in Spain and the USA, which might jeopardize the validity of the proposed hypotheses. Future studies might conduct both online and offline surveys with larger and more representative samples. As the survey was conducted only in Spain and USA, the conclusions cannot be simply generalized to other countries. If researchers wish to arrive at a general model for mobile payment adoption, the model must be tested in a larger and more diverse sample of countries, as the variables could vary significantly. Second, and closely related to the previous point, other factors related to the different cultures or particularities of each country might also influence the user ’s intention to adopt mobile payment services. Why is mobile payment widely accepted in some countries (China) and not in other countries (Europe)? Cultural influence might play a role. Zhanga et al. (2011) argued that there is a particular link between the national culture and mobile payment use in China. Mobile payment studies in different countries have shown varied results. Future research might further investigate the relationship between culture and mobile payment use. Moreover, Apanasevic et al. (2016) suggested that mobile payment services should meet the expectations of merchants, as well as the expectations of consumers, which explains why mobile payment is only being slowly accepted in Sweden. As a consequence, future cross-cultural studies should investigate the influence of culture or country of origin on these phenomena. Third, this study is the first to propose the theory of mindfulness as a factor influencing mobile payment adoption. Although prior work ( Sun et al., 2016 ) has argued that mindfulness can affect technology adoption, the role of mindfulness still needs further testing and repetitive examination to gain more validity. The four dimensions of mindfulness used in this study are taken from Sun
et al. (2016) . However, future studies might change these dimensions to fit specific cases. Four, the conceptual model proposed in this study aims to investigate the adoption of general mobile payment. The notion of mobile payment is actually a general concept, while its specific representations are various, including mobile e-wallet, mobile-banking applications, and third-party applications, such as Alipay and NFC-based virtual transportation cards, etc. The case of each adoption could be different, and this requires specific research. Five, the COVID-19 pandemic is causing very dramatic changes in consumer behavior. Specifically, e-commerce, digitalization and systems that allow consumers to avoid direct physical contact are being promoted and mobile payment systems, of course, require no physical contact. In the post-COVID-19 era when these behaviors have stabilized and become regularized, it will be necessary to study the real and long-term impact that the pandemic has had on the adoption of these new technologies. References Abrams, D., Ando, K. and Hinkle, S. (1998), “Psychological attachment to the group: cross-cultural differences in organizational identification and subjective norms as predictors of workers ’ turnover intentions ”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 24 No. 10, pp. 1027-1039. Mindfulness in mobile payments
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1597 Appendix Items
Technological novelty seeking (Mindfulness) Based on Sun et al. (2016) NS1 I noted the differences between mobile payment and alternative payment methods I previously used NS2 I identified how mobile payment is unique in relation to alternative payment methods NS3 I was mindful about how mobile payment differed from alternative payment methods Engagement with the technology (Mindfulness) Based on Sun et al. (2016) EG1 I engaged in the investigation of mobile payment when making the adoption decision EG2 I gathered factual information about mobile payment before making the adoption decision EG3 I explored mobile payment before I adopted it Awareness of local contexts (Mindfulness) Based on Sun et al. (2016) LC1 When making the decision to adopt mobile payment, I thought about how it might help my purchase experience LC2
When making the decision to adopt mobile payment, I thought about how it might change my purchase experience LC3 When making the decision to adopt mobile payment, I thought about how it might be compatible with my purchase requirements Cognizance of alternative technologies (Mindfulness) Based on Sun et al. (2016) CN1
I considered alternative views regarding mobile payment before making the adoption decision CN2
I was aware of alternative payment methods to mobile payment before deciding to adopt it CN3
I considered equivalent alternative payment methods to meet my needs before deciding to adopt mobile payment CN4 I considered alternative payment methods to meet my needs when deciding to adopt mobile payment Perceived ease of use Based on Venkatesh et al. (2012) PEO1 Paying with my mobile is clear and understandable PEO2 Paying with my mobile does not require a lot of my mental effort PEO3 I find mobile payment easy to use PEO4 I find it easy to get mobile payment to do what I want it to do Perceived usefulness Based on Venkatesh et al. (2012) PUS1 Using mobile payment improves my daily life PUS2 Using mobile payment in my daily life increases my productivity PUS3 Using mobile payment enhances my effectiveness in my daily life PUS4 I find mobile payment useful in my daily life Intention to use Based on Bhattacherjee and Premkumar (2004) IU1 It is very likely that I will use mobile payment in the near future IU2 I intend to use mobile payment for my future purchases IU3 I plan to use mobile payment for my purchases Attitude Based on Wu and Chen (2005) (continued ) Table A1. Scales IJBM
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About the authors Carlos Flavian, PhD, is Professor of Marketing at the University of Zaragoza (Spain). His research focused on consumer behavior has been published in journals specialized in marketing (Journal of Interactive Marketing, Psychology and Marketing, Journal of Business Research, Journal of Service Management, etc.), new technologies (Information and Management, Internet Research, Computers in Human Behavior, Electronic Markets, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Industrial Management and Data Systems, etc.), and Tourism (Tourism Management, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Journal of Hospitality, Marketing and Management, International Journal of Hospitality Management, etc.). He is Editor-in-Chief of Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC (Emerald) and Associate Editor of The Service Industries Journal (Taylor and Francis). Carlos Flavian is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: cflavian@unizar.es Miguel Guinaliu holds a PhD in Business Administration and is associate professor at the University of Zaragoza (Spain). His main research lines are online trust management, strategic marketing and social media. His work has been published in several journals, such as Journal of Business Research, Computers in Human Behavior, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Information and Management, Internet Research, Industrial Management and Data Systems, Online Information Review or Tourism Management. Yuntao Lu holds a Master Degree in Management, strategy and Marketing (University of Zaragoza) and English Language and Literature (Shanghai International Studies University). His main research line is focused on analyzing consumer behavior towards new technologies. For instructions on how to order reprints of this article, please visit our website: www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/licensing/reprints.htm Or contact us for further details: permissions@emeraldinsight.com Items
ATT1 I like the idea of using mobile payment ATT2 Using mobile payment is a pleasant experience ATT3 Using mobile payment is a good idea ATT4 Using mobile payment is a wise idea Subjective norms Based on Wu and Chen (2005) SN1 People who are important to me would think that I should use mobile payment SN2 People who influence me would think that I should use mobile payment SN3 People whose opinions I value would prefer that I use mobile payment Note(s): Items that appear in italics were removed in the validation process Table A1. Mindfulness in mobile
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1599 Document Outline
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