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S Samoilov, Fyodor Nikitich (1882- 1952)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1903. Deputy to the Fourth Duma from the workers of Vla- dimir Gubernia, member of the Bolshevik parliamentary group. During 1919- 20 authorised agent of the Central Executive Committee on the Bashkir Mil- itary Revolutionary Commit- tee, member of the Bashkir Regional Committee of the R.C.P.(B.).—333
1938)—from May 1918
to March 1919 Chairman of the Sergach Uyezd Committee of the
R.C.P.(B.), Nizhni- Nov- gorod Gubernia, and member of the Uyezd Executive Com- mittee.—149
1935)—scientist, chemist.—359 Sapronov, T. V. (1887-1939)— joined the R.S.D.L.P.(B.) in 1912. After the October Revolu- tion Chairman of the Moscow Gubernia Executive Committee Chairman of the Kharkov Gu- bernia Revolutionary Commit- tee. Subsequently Secretary of the Urals Bureau of the C.C., Chairman of the Narrow Coun- cil of People’s Commissars, member of the Presidium of the All-Russia Central Executive Committee. Came out repeat- edly against
the Party’s
Leninist policy. In 1927, at the Fifteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U., expelled from the Party for anti- Party activi- ties.—82, 322, 343
—joined
the R.S.D.L.P. in 1903. Deputy People’s Com- missar for Home and Foreign Trade, member of the Board of the State Bank of the R.S.F.S.R. and Chairman of the Board of the State Bank of the U.S.S.R., Deputy Peo- ple’s Commissar for Finance of the U.S.S.R .—389 Schlichter, Alexander Grigorievich ( 1 8 6 8 - 1 9 4 0 ) — j o i n e d t h e R.S.D.L.P. in 1891. After the October Revolution People’s Commissar for Agriculture, P.C. for Food of the R.S.F.S.R., Commissar Extraordinary for Food in Siberia, Chairman of the Tambov Gubernia Execu- tive Committee. In 1919 P.C. for
Food of
the Ukraine.
—56, 109, 141, 199, 252, 258, 450
Schmidt, Vasily Vladimirovich (1886- 1940)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1905. During 1918-28 Secretary of the Cen- tral Council of Trade Unions, then People’s Commissar for Labour.—202, 402 601 NAME INDEX Selivachov, Vladimir Ivanovich (1866-1919)—officer in the tsar- ist army, afterwards served in the Red Army. In 1919 Assist- ant Commander of the South- ern Front.—286 Semashko, Nikolai Alexandrovich ( 1 8 7 4 - 1 9 4 9 ) — j o i n e d t h e R.S.D.L.P. in 1893. After the October Revolution Manager of the Medical and Sanitary Department of the Moscow So- viet. During 1918-30 People’s Commissar for Health of the R.S.F.S.R.—212, 293, 304,
312-13, 333, 359, 372, 436, 460-61
Serafimovich (Popov), Alexan- d e r S e r a f i m o v i c h ( X) (1863- 1949)—Soviet writer, joined the R.C.P.(B.) in 1918. After the October Revolution a member of the editorial board of Izves-
ing the Civil War he was a war correspondent of Pravda.—426
(1888- 1937)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1905. After the October Revolution member of the Moscow Regional Commit- tee of the Party, Secretary of the Party’s C.C. and Secretary of the All- Russia Central Exe- cutive Committee, member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front.— 230, 246, 265, 270, 281, 286
(1871- 1933)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1903. After the October Revolution People’s Commissar for Agriculture of the R.S.F.S.R. (1918- 21), then member of the Board of the Supreme Economic Council and of the State Planning Commis- sion, Deputy
Manager and
Manager of the Central Statis- tical Board of the R.S.F.S.R. —75, 84, 119, 132, 133, 142, 143, 146, 178, 207, 230, 270, 330, 340, 391, 450
1926)—a prominent leader of the Italian labour movement and of the Italian Socialist Par- ty. During 1915-23 Director of the party’s central organ, the newspaper Avanti! Headed the Italian delegation to the Second Congress of the Comintern, was opposed to an unconditional break with
the reformists. Eventually joined the Italian Communist Party.—387 Shadurskaya, Z. L. (b. 1873)— journalist. In 1918 worked in the Petrograd Food Committee then in other Soviet institu- tions and in the Comintern.— 186
Shahumyan, Stepan Georgievich (1878- 1918)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1900. At the Sixth Congress of the
R.S.D.L.P.(B.) (1917) elected to
the Central
Committee. After the October Revolution Acting Commissar Extraor- dinary
for Affairs
of the
Caucasus, Chairman of the Ba- ku Council of People’s Com- missars and
simultaneously Commissar for Foreign Affairs. After the fall of the Baku Com- mune he was among the 26 commissars shot by the Brit- ish interventionists.—93, 107- 08, 111
20 a member of the Bashkir Regional Committee of the R.C.P.(B.), Chairman of the C.E.C. and the Council of Peo- ple’s Commissars of Bashki- ria.—334
the
Russian revolutionary 602 NAME INDEX movement; in 1894 a member of the Narodnaya Volya Party. In 1895 a member of the League of Struggle for the Emancipa- tion of the Working Class, took part in the activities of the Bolshevik organisations abroad. In
1917 returned to Rus-
sia.—412 Shatelen, Mikhail Andreyevich (1866-1957)—electrician, distin- guished scientist and engi- neer. Took part in the draft- ing of the GOELRO (electrifi- cation) plan.—375 Shatunovsky, Yakov Moiseyevich (1876- 1932)—joined the R.C.P.(B.) in 1918. A member of the Transport Commission of the Council of Labour and Defence, member of the Indus- trial Section of the State Plan- ning Commission.—456-58
(1869-1918)—Cadet. After the February 1917 revolution Min- ister for Agriculture in the first cabinet and Minister for Finance in the second cabinet of the bourgeois Provisional Government.—54 Shklovsky, Grigory Lvovich (1875- 1937)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1898. During 1918-25 Soviet diplomat.—106, 112, 160 Shlyapnikov, Alexander Gavrilo- v i c h (1885- 1937)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1901. After the October Revolution a member of the Council of People’s Commissars in the capacity of P.C. for Labour, afterwards P.C. for Trade and Industry. In 1918 a member of the Revo- lutionary Military Council of the Southern Front, then Chair- man of the R.M.C. of the Cas- pian- Caucasian Front.—50, 72, 86, 95, 103, 170, 184, 193
(1890- 1941)—inventor in the field of radio-engineering, tele- graphy and sound cinemato- graphy. In 1919 appointed Di- rector of the Tsarskoye Selo ra- dio station; worked at the Nizhni- Novgorod Radio Labor- atory.—338
1938)—officer in the tsarist army, served in the Red Army from 1918. Commanded the 2nd Army of the Eastern Front, the Special Group of the Southern, South-Eastern and Caucasian fronts. During 1920-21 Commander-in-Chief of the troops in Siberia.—288 Shotman, Alexander Vasilievich (1880 - 1939)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1899. During 1911-12 a member of the Hel- singfors Committee of the So- cial-Democratic Party of Fin- land. In June 1917 became a member of the Petrograd Re- gional Committee of the Party. In August
1917 organised Lenin’s passage to Finland from Razliv, where he was in hiding to escape persecution by the bourgeois Provisional Govern- ment. Took an active part in the October Revolution, after which held various business, administrative and Party
posts.—388 Shreider, A. A.—Left Socialist- Revolutionary, in 1918 Depu- ty People’s Commissar for Jus- tice. A member of the Commis- sion set up to draft the Con- stitution of the R.S.F.S.R.—77 Shumsky, Alexander Yakovlevich (1890-1946)—from 1909 to 1917 a member of the Ukrainian Socialist- Revolutionary Party. In 1918 a leader of the Borot- bist Party. In 1920 admitted to membership of the R.C.P.(B.). Took part in the peace ne- gotiations with Poland. Was a
603 NAME INDEX member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 14th Army, Ambassador in Poland, People’s Commissar for Educa- tion of the Ukraine (1924-27), Chairman of the C.C. of the Educational Workers’ Union, elected to the C.C., C.P.(B.) of the Ukraine and the Cen- tral Executive Committee of the U.S.S.R. In 1933 expelled from the Party for nationalism. —360-61
(1892- 1925)—joined the R.S.D.L.P.(B.) in 1913. From September 1918 to 1924 Deputy People’s Commissar for Mili- tary Affairs and Deputy Chair- man of the Revolutionary Mil- itary Council of the Republic. —131, 193, 216, 217, 222, 231, 233, 238, 239-40, 243, 248, 249- 50, 254, 256, 259, 260, 262, 266, 274, 279, 280, 287, 292- 93, 300, 322, 352, 402-03, 406, 408, 414, 416, 419, 432, 433, 440, 448, 456, 460-61 Skrypnik, Nikolai Alexeyevich (1872- 1933)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1897. After the October Revolution People’s Commissar for Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian S.S.R., mem- ber of the Presidium of the Ukrainian C.E.C., member of the
C.C., C.P.(B.) of the
Ukraine, authorised agent of the Ukrainian Council of Defence, People’s Commissar for Educa- tion of the Ukrainian S.S.R. —66
—joined
the revolutionary movement in 1905. At the Second All- Russia Congress of Soviets (November 1917) elect- ed to the All-Russia Central Executive Committee. In March 1918 became Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Soviet Re- public of Taurida (Crimea).— 70
(b. 1888)—officer in the tsarist army, sided with the Soviets af- ter the October Revolution. Be- came a member of the R.C.P.(B.) in November 1918. In 1918 he was commander of a divi- sion, in 1919 Commander of the 15th Army, then Commander of the 56th Rifle Division.—117
1838)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1907. After the October Rev- olution authorised agent of the Council of People’s Com- missars of the R.S.F.S.R. in Finland, then member of the Revolutionary Military Coun- cil of the Republic, Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Eco- nomic Council. At the Sev- enth and Eighth congresses of the Party elected to the C.C.—118, 228, 246, 256, 265, 266, 270, 275, 280, 288, 302, 340, 341-42, 351, 409, 410, 414, 417-18, 420, 422
(b. 1887)—member of the Mili- tia and Legal commissions of the Samara City Council in 1917- 18, on which he repre- sented the Socialist-Revolution- aries. In June 1918 elected Mayor of Samara.—191 Smirnov, Alexander Petrovich (1877- 1938)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1896. After the October Revolution Deputy People’s Commissar for Inter- nal Affairs; in 1918 authorised agent of the Council of Peo- ple’s Commissars in Saratov Gubernia for the procurement and dispatch of grain and other food freights. During 1919-22 Deputy People’s Commissar for Food.—101, 110, 142 604 NAME INDEX Smirnov, Ivan Nikitich (1881- 1936)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1899. After the October Re- volution a member of the Rev- olutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front, then of the 5th Army. In 1919 became Chairman of the Siberian Rev- olutionary Committee.—291, 295, 298, 307, 316-17, 322, 329, 342, 353, 385, 396, 402, 408, 436
(1888- 1939)— joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1905. After the October Revolution filled diplomatic and military posts. Member of the Soviet de- legation to the Brest peace ne- gotiations. Later took part in the talks on economic questi- ons with Germany. In Decem- ber 1918 a member of the Rev- olutionary Military Council
of the Southern Front.—67, 98-99, 216, 228-29, 230-31, 234, 248, 249, 275, 340
(1883-1937)—colonel in the
tsarist army; in 1918 started service in the Red Army. Chief of Staff of the Eastern Front, member of the Supreme Mili- tary Inspection, Chief of the Operations Division of Army Headquarters of the Western Front, Commander of the 16th Army. In 1920 Chief of Staff of the Southern Front, and of the armed forces of the Ukrai- ne and the Crimea.—264 Solovyov, A. S.—Manager of the Central Accounts Office of the Labour Departments of Moscow and Moscow Region.—50 Solovyov, Zinovy Petrovich (1876- 1928)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1898. Organiser and theore- tician of public health. In 1918 head of various medical bo- dies, a member of Medical Boards, Deputy People’s Com- missar for Health, Chairman of the
Executive of
the R.S.F.S.R. Red Cross, Chief of the Central Military Sanitary Administration of the
Red Army (1920).—306, 372 Sosnovsky, Lev Semyonovich (1886- 1937)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1904. During 1918-24 editor of the newspaper Byednota.— 257, 456-58
(1884- 1941)—one of the founders and leaders of the Left Socialist- Revolutionary Party. Came out against the signing of the Brest peace, took an active part in the Left S.R. revolt in July 1918, after the suppression of which she con- tinued her hostile anti-Soviet activities.—84, 174
the R.S.D.L.P. in 1898. After the October Revolution elected to the Council of People’s Commissars, where he headed the Commissariat for Nation- alities. During
the foreign
intervention and Civil War a member of the Revolutiona- ry Military Council of the Re- public, worked at various fronts. In 1922 elected General Secre- raty of the C.C., R.C.P.(B.). In 1941 became Chairman of the Council of People’s Com- missars, then of the Council of Ministers of the U.S.S.R . Dur- ing the Great Patriotic War (1941-45) Chairman of the State Committee of Defence, Peo- ple’s Commissar for Defence and Supreme Commander- in- Chief of the Armed Forces of the U.S.S.R. In the position of General Secretary of the Party C.C., which he held for a long time, Stalin, together with 605 NAME INDEX other leading
functionaries exerted great efforts for the building of socialism, and play- ed a major role in smashing various anti-Party trends, espe- cially Trotskyism and Right opportunism. At the same time, associated with his name are the distortions in the life of Soviet society, which the Communist Party qualified as manifestations of the personality cult alien to Marxism- Leninism. The C.P.S.U. decidedly condemned the personality cult and took measures to prevent similar mistakes and distortions in future.—63, 70, 104, 105, 111, 151, 223, 230, 231, 242-43, 246- 47, 250, 252, 253, 264, 265-66, 281, 283, 286, 340, 342, 343, 354, 360, 367, 378, 379, 381, 408, 409, 410
(1873- 1966)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1898. From Feb- ruary 1917 to March 1920 Sec- retary of the Party’s Central Committee.—246, 270,
275, 314, 316, 365 Steklov, Yuri Mikhailovich (1873- 1941)—joined the Social-Demo- cratic movement in 1893. After the Second Congress of the R.S.D.L.P. (1903) joined the Bolsheviks. After the October Revolution editor of Izvestia member
of the
All- Russia Central
Executive Commit-
tee.—118 Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich (1865- 1920)—astronomer. Partici- pant in the revolutionary move- ment in Russia. During the October days headed the revo- lutionary forces of the Zamo- skvorechye Revolutionary Com- mittee in Moscow. After the October Revolution a member of the Board of the People’s Commissariat for Education, member of the Revolutionary Military Councils of the 2nd Army and the Eastern Front. —298.
S t r a s s e r , J o s e f (b. 1871)—Aus- trian politician, Left Social- Democrat. Joined the Commu- nist Party in 1918.—162 Strievsky , K. K. (1884-1939)— joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1902. In 1918 Food Commissar of Petrograd. During 1919-21 Chief of Food Supply of the South- Eastern, Western, Petrograd and Caucasian fronts.—167
Swedish Left Social-Democrat author and publicist. During 1918-20 Editor- in- Chief of the newspaper Folkets Dagblad Po-
(1874-1943)—the wife of P. B. Struve and daughter of the pedagogue A. Y. Gerd. After the October Revolution emi- grated abroad.—188 S t r u v e , P y o t r B e r n h a r d o v i c h (1870-1944)—bourgeois econo- mist and publicist, a leader of the Cadet Party, member of the counter-revolutionary gov- ernment of Wrangel, a White émigré.—187
1932)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1903. After the October Rev- olution People’s Commissar for Justice, during 1918-19 Chair- man of the Soviet Govern- ment of Latvia, then Deputy People’s Commissar for Justice of the R.S.F.S.R.—196
(b. 1892)—joined the R.C.P.(B.) in 1918. During 1918-20 fought at the Urals Front in the 25th Chapayev Rifle Division, com- manded the 1st Urals Regi- ment, headed a section of the Urals Fortified Area.—308 606 NAME INDEX Surkov, Pyotr Ilyich (1876-1946) —deputy to the Third Duma from the workers of Kostro- ma Gubernia; member of the Social-Democratic parliamen- tary group. After the October Revolution worked in various Soviet institutions.—175, 179 Sverdlov, Veniamin Mikhailovich (1886- 1940)—in 1918 Commis- sar of the Exploitation Board of the People’s Commissariat for Railways. From 1919 to 1920 Deputy People’s Com- missar for Railways and Chair- man of the Supreme Council for Transport. Subsequently member of the Board of the Supreme Economic Council worked in the Mining and Science and Technology de- partments of the Supreme Eco- nomic Council.—440-41
(1885- 1919)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1901. During 1917-19 head of the Secretariat of the C.C. From November 1917 Chairman of the All-Rus- sia Central Executive Com- mittee.—44, 72-73, 102, 146 147, 159, 165, 198 Svidersky, Alexander Ivanovich (1878- 1933)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1899. After the October Revolution a member of the Board of the People’s Commissariat for Food, member of the Board of the Commissa- riat for Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection.—99, 199, 258, 270 327, 362
(b. 1877)—joined the R.S.D.L.P. in 1897. After the October Revolution member of
the Board of the Supreme Economic Council, member of the Narrow Council of People’s Commissars and of the Board of the State Planning Commission of the U.S.S.R.—292, 454
1938)—general in the tsarist army, joined the Soviets after the October Revolution. In 1918 commanded a group of Bryansk
detachments, then
Commander of the Southern Front, Chief of the Military Administrative Department of the
Revolutionary Military
Council of the Republic.—88, 157
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