In Religiously Diverse Societies

networks 2, no. 4 (2002): 310. 
45
Wimmer and Schiller, “Methodological Nationalism and Beyond,” 311.
46
Although hard sciences (especially health sciences) create numerous sub 
categories for each generic category and take all of them into account for the sake 
of an accurate definition, sampling and outcome, social sciences are still beyond 
projecting that complexity. Hard sciences are compelled to capture the complexity 
because a fault in authentication could always result in fatal failures. Therefore no 
room is given for prior agendas or conflict of interest.
47
Daphne Patai, “Us Academics and Third World Women: Is Ethical Research 
Possible?,” in Women’s Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History, ed. Sherna 
Gluck and Daphne Patai (New York: Routledge, 1991), 175–188. 
48
Daphne Patai, “When Method Becomes Power,” in Power and Method: Political 
Activism and Educational Research, ed. V Apple Michael (New York: Routledge, 
1994). 
49
Lori Peek, “Becoming Muslim: The Development of a Religious Identity,” 
Sociology of Religion 66, no. 3 (2005): 220. 

---

Introduction: Identifying “Identity” 
16
50
Steven Vertovec and Alisdair Rogers, Muslim European Youth: Reproducing 
Ethnicity, Religion, Culture (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998).
51
Joanna Anneke Rummens, “Conceptualising Identity and Diversity: Overlaps, 
Intersections, and Processes,” Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal 35, no. 3 (2003): 
12. 
52
Riaz Hassan, Faithlines: Muslim Conceptions of Islam and Society (Oxford 
University Press, 2003). 49% Muslims see themselves first Muslims while 26% 
see themselves first as American. Muslim Americans, “No Signs of Growth in 
Alienation or Support for Extremism,” Mainstream and Moderate Attitudes 
(Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2011), http://www.people-
press.org/2011/08/30/muslim-americans-no-signs-of-growth-in-alienation-or-
support-for-extremism/ accessed January 8, 2015. 
53
 The increase in identification firstly with religion from 2005to 2006 is as follows 
from 79 to 87%in Pakistan, 63 to 67% in Jordan, 43 to 51% in Turkey.
 
Muslims In 
Europe: Economic Worries Top Concerns About Religious and Cultural Identity 
(Washington DC: Pew Research Center, 2010), accessed January 8, 2015, 
http://www.pewglobal.org/2006/07/06/muslims-in-europe-economic-worries-top-
concerns-about-religious-and-cultural-identity/254-15/ 
54
81% first chose Islam whereas 7% chose citizenship in Britain; 69% first chose 
Islam whereas 3 chose citizenship in Spain; 66% first chose Islam whereas 13% 
choose nationality in Germany and 46% first chose Islam whereas 42% chose 
citizenship in France. “Muslims in Europe: Economic Worries Top Concerns 
About Religious and Cultural Identity.” Pew Global Attitudes Project (July 6, 
2006), accessed January 5, 2015, http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php? 
ReportID=254. 
55
Garry D. Bouma, “An Introduction to Religious Settlement in Australia,” in 
Many Religions All Australian Religions Settlement, Identity and Cultural Identity, 
ed. G. D. Bouma (Kew, Victoria: The Christian Research Association, 1999), 70. 
56
Nahid Afrose Kabir, “A Study of Australian Muslim Youth Identity: The 
Melbourne Case,” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 31, no. 2 (2011): 243–258.