Inclusive Learning and Educational Equity 5

Social Cognitive Learning Theory
(Bandura, 
1991
) espouses reciprocal deter-
minism and describes it as the interaction between behavior, personality, and the 
environment. One of the essential concepts in this theory is anticipation that orients 
people’s actions, motivates them, and helps people choose their direction of activity. 
The approach emphasizes the importance and significance of self-regulation through 
self-reflection and self-evaluation. The term self-efficacy is unique to this theory 
and refers to the learners’ confidence in their ability to learn successfully. Self- 
efficacy is the foundation of learners’ potency to learn. Learners believing in learn-
ing success strive to reach their learning goals, perform effectively, and persist in the 
face of difficulties.
It should be noted that some learning barriers can limit learners’ self-efficacy, 
which is an important message for inclusive education practitioners. It is worth 
noting that the core component of learning is self-regulation, and the daily learn-
ing activities of expert learners include this component in most cases. It usually 
2 The Goal of the Universal Design for Learning: Development of All to Expert…

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means reflecting on one’s understanding. The students are motivated to actively 
participate in the accommodation and assimilation of new information through 
relevant activities and then reflect on their experiences. Bandura (
1991
) proved 
that students could control their behavior and referred to it as a process of self-
regulation. Self-regulation is associated with identifying a set of goals and with 
the endeavours to attain the goals. Therefore, the teacher who wants to educate a 
goal-oriented expert learner should be interested in the recommendations of 
this theory.
Constructivist learning theories reaffirm that students’ learning becomes more 
successful when they actively construct knowledge and understanding using their 
own experiences. By applying different learning strategies, students in the construc-
tivist classrooms have the real opportunity to become expert learners.