Indirect questions in teaching grammar

The theoretical basis of the study was the work of representatives of the Russian tradition of studying the grammar of the text: G.M. Chumakov, O.I. Moskalskaya, M.Ya.Blokh, Yu.M.Sergeeva, A.M.Lomov.
The practical significance of the work is determined by the need and possibility of using the results of this work when teaching the constructions of indirect speech in the courses of practical grammar and practice of oral and written speech of students.
The structure of the work is determined by the tasks set in this study. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The Bibliography includes 35 sources. In the introduction, the object of study is defined, the research base of the work is specified, the rationale for the choice of the topic and its relevance is given, the goals and objectives of the study are determined. In conclusion, the results of the study are summarized.

Chapter 1. Theoretical background of the study

1.1. Indirect speech

Indirect speech is one of the forms of transferring someone else's thoughts and speech, which is based on a direct statement, but is transmitted on behalf of the author or narrator. Indirect speech (hereinafter CR) is introduced into the text in the form of a subordinate clause (or sentences) or turnover within a simple sentence. In most cases, CR proceeds with varying degrees of change in the original structure of the utterance; abbreviations, lexical substitutions and omissions, replacements of syntactic constructions, and a change in the original intonation may appear.
Indirect speech is studied at the interdisciplinary junction of different areas of linguistics: functional grammar, stylistics, pragmatics and text linguistics. CR is actively used in literary texts and is the object of scientific research by such linguists as V.G. Gak [Gak 1973], G.A. Zolotova [Zolotova 2004], A.I. Smirnitsky [Smirnitsky 1957], O.I. Moskalskaya [Moskalskaya 1981], K.A. Dolinin [Dolinin 1983], N.D. Arutyunova [Arutyunova 1988], M.Ya. Sergeeva 2011], J. Leach [Leech, Short 2007], I.V. Arnold [Arnold 2009] and others. , as well as in subordinate clauses,
With the advent of the theory of speech acts and the development of semantic syntax, researchers turned to the study of the syntactic and semantic mechanisms of quoting. The main distinguishing feature of quoting from other ways of transmitting someone else's speech is the literal reproduction of the statement. In general, the phenomenon of "foreign speech" is studied by linguists, both in stylistic and grammatical aspects. G.M. Chumakov in his monograph "Syntax of constructions with someone else's speech" [Chumakov, 1975] singles out constructions with someone else's message into an independent section of syntax, introducing the term "representology" (from represented discourse - represented speech, one of the ways to transfer someone else's speech into English language). To reproduce the statement of the "other" with varying degrees of accuracy, the author uses different ways of transmitting someone else's speech: direct speech (PR),
The transmission of someone else's speech using indirect speech is of great interest for this work, but first we compare and identify the main differences between PR and CR in the functional (features of the speech characteristics of the character) and grammatical aspects. Reproduction of someone else's speech in the form of direct speech , that is, verbatim reproduction, is a widespread and simple way to introduce the speech of another person. The statement is not subjected to any processing, the syntactic phenomena of the speaker are preserved, and the direct speech itself is given as a quotation, which contributes to the most accurate transmission of someone else's statement.
Another important way of transmitting someone else's speech is indirect speech. It more or less fully conveys someone else's statement on behalf of the author. The mechanism for including indirect speech in the author's text involves a mandatory message that the author is transmitting someone else's speech, and an indication of who it belongs to. However, unlike direct speech, indirect speech requires a change in the syntactic structure of speech, which makes it secondary to direct speech.
If direct speech and its modifications reproduce someone else's speech as such, where the character's statement is an independent sentence that does not change its grammatical structure, then indirect speech conveys someone else's statement, which is refracted through the perception of the subject. According to M.M. Bakhtin, the linguistic meaning of indirect speech lies in the analytical transmission of someone else's speech. Such a construction consists of the author's commenting part and introduced someone else's speech (in a literary text, this is the character's speech).
If direct speech preserves the syntax and stylistics are quite autonomous within someone else's utterance, then when transmitting someone else's utterance by indirect speech, someone else's speech is processed in accordance with the goals and objectives of the narrative, the narrator's setting in the conditions of simultaneous transmission and analysis of someone else's utterance.
If direct speech, as a rule, serves as a speech characteristic of a character, then indirect speech reproduces, retells it indirectly. The style of the author prevails in the constructions of the CR, the individual features of the speaker are conveyed mainly descriptively and partly with the help of vocabulary and syntax. When transmitting someone else's statement with the help of indirect speech, a kind of recoding of speech occurs, the replacement of emotionally colored words, word forms and syntactic constructions. The reflections of a character often lose their original lexical-syntactic form and are transmitted through their folded literary counterpart. Compression of the character's statement is transmitted through such stylistic techniques as periphrase technique, extension technique, clarification and preservation technique, generalization techniques.
The transition of direct speech into indirect speech is interesting, first of all, in the grammatical and punctuation aspects, since a number of significant changes take place. When transmitting someone else's utterance (for example, the internal speech of a character) by indirect speech, not only the lexical and grammatical structure of the utterance itself changes, but significant changes can also occur in the categories of time, modality and person.
It is worth dwelling in more detail on the types of utterance in the transmission of indirect speech (CR), as well as the grammatical transformations that occur with the original utterance, which is transmitted using CR in different temporal contexts.
The sentence is not only a structural, but also a communicative unit. The sentence realized in the process of speech communication is a statement. Thus, each utterance is a speech manifestation of a sentence as a linguistic unit. In English, there are four types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and imperative sentences. Consequently, when transmitting someone else's utterance using indirect speech, for each type of utterance there is a certain rule of grammatical transformation.
Indirect speech always functions as part of a complex sentence, its components are in a relationship of subordination.
The report structure consists of the author's words (reporting clause), containing an introductory verb and indirect speech clauses (reported clause). Consider an example :