Ingliz tili grammatikasi
accommodation behaviour damage
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accommodation behaviour damage luck permission traffi c advice bread furniture luggage progress weather baggage chaos information news scenery work I’m going to buy some bread. Men non sotib olmoqchiman. It’s nice weather today. Bugun havo yaxshi. We had a lot of luggage. Bizning yukimiz ko‘p. She was making great progress. U katta yutuqlarga erishayotgan edi. They promised Jackson further as- sistance. Ular Jeksonga muntazam yordam berishga so‘z berishdi. He told me of the progress he was making. U menga o‘zi erishayotgan muvaf- faqiyatlar haqida so‘zlab ber di. The news was so upsetting that she said she would not see anyone that night. Yangilak shunchalik noxush edi- ki, u o‘sha kechasi hech kimni ko‘rishni istamasligini aytdi. Ammo permission — ruxsat, advice — maslahat, information — xabar mavhum otlari konkretlashganda (aniqlashtirilganda) ham noaniq artikl bilan ishlatilmaydi: He recieved permission to visit that plant. U o‘sha zavodga borish uchun ruxsat oldi. He sent us important information on the state of the market. U bozordagi vaziyat haqida biz- ga muhim xabar yubordi. He readily gives advice to every- body who asks him for it. U kim so‘rasa bajonudil masla- hat beradi. ANIQ ARTIKLNING TURDOSH OTLAR BILAN ISHLATILISHI 1. The aniq artikli that o‘sha ko‘rsatish olmoshidan kelib chiqqan. U birlik va koplikdagi donalab sanaladigan otlar va donalab sanalmaydi gan otlar oldida ishlatiladi. Aniq artikl shaxs yoki buyumning shu tur dagi shaxs yoki buyumlardan ajratib ko‘rsatish uchun ishlatiladi va shu, o‘sha degan ma’noni beradi. 2. Otning shu turdagi shaxs yoki buymlardan ajratuvchi aniqlovchisi bo‘lsa, aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: The drawer of my writing table is locked. Meni yozuv stolimning g‘ala- doni qulf. Show me the telegram which was recieved yesterday. Kecha olingan telegrammani menga ko‘rsating. 125 The workers who are discharging the steamer will fi nish their work at eight o’clock. Paroxodni (yukini) bo‘shatayotgan ishchilar ishlarini soat sakkizda tamomlaydilar. I like the fi lm that I saw yesterday. Menga kecha ko‘rgan fi lmim yoq- di. There is the man who came here yesterday. Kecha kelgan kishi shu yerda. The telegram brought by the secre- tary was very important. Kotiba olib kelgan telegramma juda muhim edi. The walls of my room are painted blue. Meni xonamning devorlari ko‘kka bo‘yalgan. I have lost the key to my room. Xonamning kalitini yo‘qotdim. The apples on that tree are quite ripe. Ana u daraxtning olmalari juda pi- shgan. The ore discovered by the expedi- tion is of high quality. Ekspeditsiya topgan ruda yuqori sifatli. The steel used in the construction of this bridge was produced at the Magnitagorsk plant. Bu ko‘prikning qurilishiga ishlatil- gan po‘lat Magnitagorskda ishlab chiqarilgan. The water in this river is very cold. Bu daryoning suvi juda sovuq. The honour of our country is very dear to us. Vatanimizning obro‘yi biz uchun juda aziz. To the joy of his friends he reco- vered very quickly. Uning tez tuzalganidan do‘stlari xursand bo‘ldilar. We study the geography of our country. Biz mamlakatimiz geografi yasini o‘rganamiz. I like the music of this ballet. Menga bu baletning musiqasi yo- qadi. 3. Qanday shaxs yoki buyum ekanligi vaziyat yoki matn mazmuni dan ma’lum bo‘lgan ot aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: Please, close the window. Iltimos, derazani yoping (Hozir ochiq bo‘lgan deraza haqida gap ketayapti). Where is the key? Kalit qani? (qayerda?) (Shu eshik- ning kaliti). Put your book on the shelf. Kitobingizni tokchaga qo‘ying (Ki- tob turadigan tokcha, polka). Pass me the bread, please. Nonni uzatib yuboring, iltimos (ol- dimizda turgan nonni). 126 Taqqoslash: Pass me some bread, please. Iltimos, ozroq non uzatib yubo- ring. Bring the milk from the kitchen. Oshxonadan sutni olib keling. (Osh- xonadagi hamma sutni). Taqqoslash: Bring me some milk from the kitchen. Oshxonadan menga ozroq sut olib keling. The meat was quite cold. Go‘sht juda sovuq edi. We shall ship the ore next week. Biz rudani kelasi hafta yuklaymiz. The news caused some excite- ment. Yangilik ozroq hayajonga sabab bo‘ldi. 4. Oldin gapirilgan ot qayta takrorlanganda aniq artikl bilan ishla- tiladi: When I entered the room, I saw a man standing at the window. The man was very old. Xonaga kirganimda men deraza ol- dida turgan bir kishini ko‘rdim. U kishi juda qari edi. Once there lived an old doctor in a small town. The doctor was known to everybody in the town as a very kind man. Bir vaqtlar bir kichkina shaharchada bir qari doktor yashagan ekan. Dok- tor shaharchadagi hammaga (saxiy kishi) ochiq ko‘ngil kishi sifatida tanilgan ekan. I bought some cheese and some butter. The cheese was not very good, but the butter was excellent. Men pishloq va sariyog‘ sotib ol dim. Pishloq yaxshi emas ekan, ammo sa- riyog‘ juda a’lo darajada edi. The waiter brought me some tea and some milk. I drank the tea but did not drink the milk. Ofi tsiant menga choy va sut olib keldi. Men choyni ichdim, lekin sutni ichmadim. 5. Dunyoda yoki ushbu vaziyatda yagona bo‘lgan shaxs yoki buyum oldida aniq artikl ishlatiladi: The earth is millions of kilometres from the sun. Yer quyoshdan millionlab kilo- metr uzoqlikda. When the goods have been loaded on a ship, the captain signs a re- ciept called a bill of lading. Mollar kemaga yuklangandan key in kapitan konosament deb ata luvchi tilxatga imzo chekadi. 6. Dunyodagi yoki biror vaziyatdagi barcha shaxs yoki buyumlarni ifodalagan ko‘plikdagi ot oldida aniq artikl ishlatiladi: Lake Baikal is the deepest of all the lakes in the world. Baykal ko‘li dunyodagi ko‘llar- ning eng chuquridir. Give me a list of the students. Talabalarning ro‘yxatini bering. 127 The students of our Institute learn foreign languages. Institutimiz talabalari chet tillarini o‘rganishadi (Hamma studentlar ha- qida gap ketayapti). He teaches English to students of our Institute. U institutimiz talabalariga ingliz ti- lidan dars beradi (Hammasiga emas, ba’zilariga dars beradi). 7. Birlikda kelgan ot shu buyum qarashli bo‘lgan butun turni ifoda- laganda aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: The pine grows in northern coun- tries. Qayin shimoliy mamlakatlarda o‘sadi. The African elephant is taller than the Indian. Afrika fi li hind fi liga qaraganda kattaroq. The aeroplane has made the world a small place. Samolyot dunyoni toraytirdi. (uzoqni yaqin qildi). Now the horse has been replaced by the tractor. Hozir otni trakror almashtirgan. The violet is a lovely fl ower Binafsha chiroyli gul. The cuckoo is a lazy bird. Kakku dangasa qush. 8. Otlashgan sifat yoki sifatdosh oldida aniq artikl ishlatiladi. Otlashgan sifat yoki sifatdosh birlikda kelib ko‘plik ma’nosida ishlatiladi: The poor in some countries live in slums. Ba’zi mamlakatlarda kambag‘allar xarobalarda yashaydilar. The wounded were taken to the hospital. Yaradorlar kasalxonaga olib ke- tildi. 9. Orttirma darajadagi sifat bilan kelgan ot aniq artikl bilan ishlati- ladi: The highest mountains are in Asia. Eng baland tog‘lar Osiyoda. This is the most interesting book I have ever read on this subject. Bu masaladagi men o‘qigan kitoblar ichida eng qiziqarlisi mana shu kitob. 10. Tartib sonlar bilan kelgan otlar oldida aniq artikl ishlatiladi: The offi ce is on the second fl oor. Ofi s ikkinchi qavatda. I took a seat in the third row. Men uchinchi qatordan joy oldim. Men uchinchi qatorda o‘tirdim. Izoh: Tartib son ikkinchi bir, yana bir ma’nosida ishlatilsa noaniq artikl bilan ishla- tiladi: We must charter a second vessel. Biz ikkinchi bir (yana bitta) kemani yollashimiz kerak. 128 A third man entered the room. Xonaga uchinchi bir (yana bitta) odam kirdi. They must have a second race to decide who is the real winner. Kim haqiqiy g‘olibligini aniqlash uchun ular yana bir marta poyga o‘tkazishlari kerak. A fi rst night — premyera A fi rst prize — birinchi mukofot 11. Sanoq sonlar bilan kelgan ot artiklsiz ishlatiladi: Two men entered the room. Xonaga ikki kishi kirdi. Lekin sanoq son o’sha ikki, bu ikki ma’nosida ishlatilsa aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. The three men came to the tur- ning at the corner of the Gros- venor Hotel. O‘sha uch kishi Grosvenor meh- monxonasining muyulishiga ke- lishdi. 12. same — bir xil; next, following — keyingi, kelgusi, last — oxirgi, very — ayni, only — yakka-yagona, proper — mos, to‘g‘ri keladigan, pre- viuos — oldingi, opposite — teskarisi, necessary — kerakli, so-called — ataladigan, adjacent — yonidagi, ulanib ketgan, qo‘shni, alleged — havola qilinadigan, tufayli kabi so‘zlar bilan kelgan otlar aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: In some countries women do not get the same wages as men. Ba’zi mamlakatlarda ayollar er kaklar bilan bir xil ish haqi olmay dilar. She said that they were very busy but that they would have more time the following week. U o‘zlarining juda band ekanlik- larini va keyingi haftada ko‘proq vaqtlari bo‘lishini aytdi. This is the only book I have on this question. Bu mendagi shu masalaga taalluq li yakka-yagona kitobdir. I found him in the last carriage of the train. Men uni poyezdning oxirgi va- gonidan topdim. You are the very person I need. Siz ayni menga kerak odamsiz. Izoh: next — kelasi; last — o‘tgan ma’nosida quyidagi birikmalarda artiklsiz ishla- tiladi: next week — kelasi hafta, next month — kelasi oy, next year — kelasi yil, last week — o‘tgan hafta, last month — o‘tgan oy, last year — o‘tgan yil va boshqa birikmalarda. Taqqoslang: We had not been sitting long in the drawing-room before Mr. March was arranging a time-table for the next day. Mr. March keyingi kunga rejim tuzgun cha biz mehmonxonada uzoq kutmadik. I sent her a wire and she met me at the station next day. Men unga telegramma yubordim va u keyingi kuni meni vokzalda kutib oldi. 129 TURDOSH OTLAR OLDIDA ARTIKLNING ISHLATILMASLIGI 1. Otning oldida birorta ko‘rsatkich bo‘lsa artikl ishlatilmaydi: My room is large. Mening xonam kattadir. This book is interesting. Bu kitob — qiziq. I want some matches. Menga gugurt kerak. 2. Donalab sanalmaydigan otlar oldida noaniq artikl ishlatilmaydi: She was making great progress. U katta muvaffaqiyatga erishayot- gan edi. They promised Jackson further assistance. Ular kelajakda Jeksonga yordam berishga va’da berdilar. Water is necessary for life. Suv — hayot uchun kerak. I like milk. Men sutni yoqtiraman. Salt can be obtained from sea water. Tuz dengiz suvidan olinishi mum- kin. This steamer burns oil (and not coal). Bu paroxod neft yoqadi (ko‘mir emas). 3. Donalab sanaladigan, birlikdagi ot biror holatda yagona bo‘lgan mansab yoki unvonni ifodalab, gapda ot-kesim tarkibida kelsa, izohlov chi bo‘lib kelsa yoki to elect — saylamoq, to appoint — tayinlamoq, to make — qilmoq fe’llaridan keyin kelsa artiklsiz ishlatiladi: My brother is chief of this expedi- tion. Mening akam — bu ekspeditsiya- ning boshlig‘i. We’ll discuss the matter with Mr. Bell, dean of our faculty. Biz bu masalani mister Bel, fa- kultetimiz dekani bilan, muho- kama qilamiz. He has been appointed captain of the «Minsk». U «Minsk» kemasiga kapitan qilib tayinlandi. Izoh: Yuqoridagi otlar gapda ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lib kelganda aniq artikl bi lan ishlatiladi: The dean of our faculty spoke at the meeting yesterday. Fakultetimiz dekani kecha yig‘ilishda gapirdi. The letter was signed by the captain of the «Minsk». Xat «Minsk» kemasining kapitani tomonida imzolangan edi. 4. Salad, steak, coffee kabi moddiy otlar oldida noaniq artikl ishlatil- maydi: Would you like a cup of coffee? Bir piyola kofe ichasizmi? 5. Breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper so‘zlari have fe’li bilan kelganda artiklsiz ishlatiladi: 9 — M. G‘apporov 130 When do you usually have lunch? Odatda siz qachon tushlik (lench) qilasiz? 6. Hafta kunlari nomlari oldida artikl ishlatilmaydi: It’s Sunday today. Bugun — yakshanba. 7. Class so‘zi mashg‘ulot, dars ma’nosida kelganda artiklsiz ishlati- ladi: I am going to class now. Men hozir darsga borayapman. They are in class. It is time for class. Ular hozir darsda. Hozir dars vaqti. Ammo: He is having an English class now. U hozir ingliz tili darsida. 8. Time oti It’s time for birikmasida kelganda artiklsiz ishlatiladi: It’s time for lunch (for class). Time marta ma’nosida ishlatilganda artikl umumiy qoida asosida qo‘l- laniladi: She has been late for class six times this semester. U bu semestrda olti marta kechikdi. 9. Orqasidan sanoq son kelgan otlar oldida artikl ishlatilmaydi: We’re studying lesson 7. Biz yettinchi darsni o‘rganayap- miz. Please, open your books to page 25. Kitoblaringizni 25-betini oching. Are you doing the problems on page 36? 36-betdagi masalalarni yecha- yap sizlarmi? 10. Home oti at predlogi bilan kelganda artiklsiz ishlatiladi: Is Ann at home now? Anna hozir uydami? 11. to watch television (TV) birikmasidagi television (TV) oldida artikl ishlatilmaydi: He is going to watch TV (televi- sion) tonight. U bu oqshom televizor tomosha qilmoqchi. Ammo: He spoke on the telephone. 12. O‘quv fanlari va fan sohalari nomlari oldida artikl ishlatilmaydi: I’m doing mathematics now. Men hozir matematikani baja- rayapman. 13. play fe’lidan keyin kelgan sport o‘yinlari nomlari oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi: 131 He is playing chess. U shaxmat o‘ynayapti. Lekin: to play the piano. Can you play the guitar? Gitara chala olasizmi? Ammo: I’d like to have a guitar. 14. to have trouble birikmasida trouble oti oldida artikl ishlatil maydi: I am having trouble with problem 6. Men oltinchi masalani yecha olma yapman. 15. Tartib soni bilan kelgan grade (maktabdagi sinf ma’nosida), avenue, street otlari oldida artikl ishlatilmaydi: — Is Peter in sixth grade? — Piter oltinchi sinfdami. — No, he isn’t. He is in fi fth gra- de. — Yo‘q. U beshinchi sinfda. ATOQLI OTLAR OLDIDA ARTIKLNING ISHLATILISHI 1. Atoqli otlar oldida artikl ishlatilmaydi: Tashkent, Asia, Olimov, John Smith. 2. Atoqli ot oldida mansabni yoki muomala shaklini ifodalovchi turdosh ot kelganda artiklsiz ishlatiladi: Professor Brown, General Smith, Comrade Petrov, Mr White. 3. Muomala so‘zlari bo‘lgan turdosh otlar oldida ham artikl ishlatil- maydi: Good morning, Captain? Salom, Kapitan! May I ask you a question, Profes- sor? Professor, sizga savol bersam may li mi? Porter, take this trunk to the cus- tomhouse, please. Hammol, bu chamadonni bojxo- naga olib boring, iltimos. 4. Father, mother, uncle va boshqa oila a’zolarini ifodalovchi nomlar shu oila a’zolari tomonidan artiklsiz aytiladi va shu so‘zlar bosh harfl ar bilan yoziladi: I’ll ask Father about it. Men buni otamdan so‘rayman? 5. Familiyalar ko‘plikda ishlatilib, butun bir oilani ifodalaganda aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: The Browns arrived from London yesterday. Braunlar kecha Londondan ke- lishdi. 132 6. Okeanlar, dengizlar, daryolar, ko‘rfazlar va cho‘l nomlari hamda atoqli ot aniqlovchisi bo‘lib kelgan turdosh otdan yasalgan geografi k nomlar oldida aniq artikl qo‘yiladi: The British Empire Britaniya imperiyasi The Pacifi c Ocean Tinch okeani The United States Qo‘shma Shtatlar The Atlantic Ocean Atlantika okeani The Mediterranian Sea O‘rta dengiz The Baltic Sea Boltiq dengizi The Persian Gulf Fors ko‘rfazi (qo‘ltig‘i) The Sahara Desert Sahroi Kabir The British Channel Ingliz kanali (La-Mansh) The Volga Volga The Thames Temza Okean va dengiz nomlaridagi okean, dengiz so‘zlari tushib qolganda ham aniq artikl saqlanib qoladi: The Pacifi c, The Atlantic, The Mediterranian, The Baltic. Izoh: Geografi k nom aniqlovchili atoqli otdan yasalgan bo‘lsa, artiklsiz ishlatiladi: Eastern Europe Sharqiy Yevropa Central Asia Markaziy Osiyo North America Shimoliy Amerika South America Janubiy Amerika Northern Ireland Shimoliy Irlandiya South Africa Janubiy Afrika Lekin: The Middle East, the Far East. Ba’zi mamlakatlar, joylar va shahar nomlari oldida aniq artikl ish- latiladi: The Ukrain — Ukraina The Caucasus — Kavkaz The Crimea — Qirim The Transvaal — Transval The Congo — Kongo The Hague — Gaaga The Netherlands — Niderlandiya (Gollandiya) The Argentine — Argentina The Ruhr — Rur The Riviera — Rivyera The Lebanon — Livan 7. Tog‘ tizmalari nomlari oldida aniq artikl ishlatiladi: The Alps — Alp tog‘lari The Apennines — Apenin tog‘lari 133 Alohida tog‘ cho‘qqilari artiklsiz ishlatiladi: Elbrus — Elbrus Montblanc — Monblan Everest — Everest 8. Orol guruhlari nomlari aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: The British Isles — Britaniya orollari The West Indies — Vest India orol- lari The Azors — Azor orollari The Canaries — Kanar orollari Yakka orol nomlari artiklsiz ishlatiladi: Madagascar — Madagaskar 9. Ko‘llar nomlari aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: The Baikal, The Ontario, The Leman. Ko‘l nomi oldida lake so‘zi kelsa artikl ishlatilamaydi: Lake Ohio, Lake Como, Lake Superior, Lake Ladoga. 10. Kanallar va bo‘g‘ozlar nomlari aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: The Magellan Strait, The Bering Straits, The Torres Straits, shuningdek, The Bosporus, The Dordonells, The Kiel Canal, The Suez Canal, The Panama Canal. 11. Yarim orol nomlari artiklsiz ishlatiladi: Indo-China, Labrador, Taimir, Scandinavia; Yuqoridagi nomlarga yarim orol so‘zi qo‘shilsa aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: The Balkan Peninsula, The Kola Peninsula. 12. Qo‘ltiq nomlari artiklsiz ishlatiladi: Hudzon Bay, Baffi n Bay. 13. Sharshara va dovonlarning nomlari aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: The Niagara Falls, The Swallaw Falls, The Saint Gotthard Pass. 14. Geografi k nomlar odatda artikl olmaydi, lekin quyidagi hollarda artikl bilan ishlatilishi mumkin: a) ajratuvchi aniqlovchi bilan kelgan geografi k nomlar aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: In Ivanhoe Walter Scott described the England of the Middle Ages. Ayvengo romanida Volter Skot o‘rta asrlar Angilyasini tasvirlagan. b) tasvirlovchi aniqlovchi bilan kelgan geografi k nom noaniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi: The fl ier went on to say: «There will be a different Germany after the War». Uchuvchi gapini davom ettirdi: «Urushdan keyin boshqa Ger- maniya bo‘ladi». 134 It was a new Russia that he found on his return. U qaytganida yangi Rossiyani topdi. 15. Shaxs ismlari oila vakili sifatida ishlatilganda noaniq artikl oladi: «Florence will never, never be a Download 3.03 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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