Inistry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekiston. Ferghana state university

• MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTON.  
• FERGHANA STATE UNIVERSITY   Department: Foreign language. Chair: Foreign language and literature. Group: 17.74 Theme: Typological classification Teacher: Student: Buzrukova Sugdiyona   Ferghana-2020.

Approaches to language classification

• Genetic classification
• Linguistic typology

Genetic Classification

Genetic classification

• Languages with related historical decent are said to be genetically related.
• ‘language families’

Language families

Case Study: The Indo-European language family

Linguistic Typology

Linguistic typology

• Languages are grouped together according to the similarities of their linguistic features.

Linguistic Universals

• The common linguistic features that are found in all or most languages.

How to describe linguistic universals

• Absolute universals vs. universal tendencies
• Implicational universals
• Markedness theory

Absolute universals vs. universal tendencies

• Absolute universals
• The linguistic features that occur in ALL languages
• Universal tendencies
• The linguistic features that occur in MOST languages

Implicational universals

• The presence of one linguistic feature in one language must indicate the occurrence of another.
• If A is found in language L, B must be also present in language L.
• The implication is one-way.
• Example:
• If one language has fricative phonemes, it will also have stop phonemes

Implicational universals: Example

• The implication is one-way.
• Example:
• If one language has fricative phonemes (/s/, /z/), it will also have stop phonemes (/p/, /t/).
• But not vice versa.

Markedness theory

• The most common/default features are unmarked.
• The less common features are marked.

Markedness theory: example

• Gender in nouns
• Which is marked? Masculine or feminine?
• Prince-princess; actor-actress
• Doctor-female doctor; nurse-male nurse
• 萬綠叢中一點紅
• Which is marked?

Typological classification by

• Phonology
• Morphology
• Syntax

Typology: phonology

• Vowel systems
• Consonant systems
• Suprasegmental systems
• Syllable structure

Typology: phonology: vowel

• Universals
• The most common vowel system
• 5 vowels /a/-/i/-/u/-/e/-/o/
• The most common phonemes
• /a/-/i/-/u/
• Front vowel phonemes are generally unrounded.
• Low vowels are generally unrounded.

Typology: phonology: Consonant

• Universals
• All languages have stops
• /p, t, k/
• The most common fricative phoneme is /s/
• Most of languages have at least one nasal.
• Implicational universals
• Fricatives -> stops
• Voiced obstruents -> voiceless obstruents
• Affricates -> stops and fricatives

Typology: phonology: suprasemental

• Types
• Tone languages
• Languages that use pitch to make semantic distinctions of words
• Mandarin Chinese
• Stress languages
• Fixed stress
• Free stress
• Syllable structure
• CV, V

Typology: morphology

• The isolating type
• The polysynthetic type
• The synthetic type
• The agglutinating type
• The fusional type

Typology: morphology: The isolating/analytic type

• One word represents one single morpheme.
• No affixes
• Mandarin Chinese

Typology: morphology: The polysynthetic type

• One single word with a long string of roots and affixes
• The semantic equivalent of one sentence in other languages.
• Qasu-iir-sar-vig-ssar-si-ngit-luunar-nar-puq ‘some one did not find a completely suitable resting place.’ (Inuktitut)

Typology: morphology: The agglutinating type

• An agglutinating words
• Contains several morphemes
• The root and affixes in the words can be semantically identified.

Swahili

Tu –ta –wa -on- esha

we-fut.-them-see-cause

'we will show them'

An aggluinating example: Antidisestablishmentarianism

• establish (9)
• to set up, put in place, or institute (originally from the Latin stare, to stand)
• dis-establish (12)
• ending the established status of a body, in particular a church, given such status by law, such as the Church of England
• disestablish-ment (16)
• the separation of church and state (specifically in this context it is the political movement of the 1860s in Britain)
• anti-disestablishment (20)
• opposition to disestablishment
• antidisestablishment-arian (25)
• an advocate of opposition to disestablishment
• Antidisestablishmentarian-ism (28)
• the movement or ideology that opposes disestablishment

Typology: morphology: The fusional/inflectional type

• A fusional/inflectional word contains several morphemes which indicate grammatical categories.
• Ein kleiner Hamster "a little hamster" (nominative case)
• Der kleine Hamster "the little hamster"

(nominative case)

• Ich sah den kleinen Hamster "I saw the little hamster" (accusative case)
• Mit kleinem Hamster "with little hamster" (dative case).

Typology: syntax

• Word order universals
• SVO
• SOV
• VSO

Word order: SVO

• John loves Mary.

word order: SOV

• 私 は 箱 を 開けます。
• watashi-wa-hako-o-akemasu.
• I box open
• ‘I open the box.’

word order: OSV

Sentence	قرأ المدرس الكتاب
Words	الكتاب	المدرس	قرأ
	al-kitāba	al-mudarrisu	Qara'a
	Read.	the teacher	the book
Parts	Object	Subject Verb
Translation	The teacher read the book.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!