Innovation of the republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languages
CHAPTER II. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT EXPRESSIVE
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CHAPTER II. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT EXPRESSIVE
MEANS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT LINGUISTICS 2.1.I. R. Galperin's classification of expressive means and stylistic devices The classification suggested by Prof. Galperin is truly organised and very detailed. His manual "Stylistics" published in 1971 consists of the following subdivision of expressive potential and stylistic units primarily based on the level-oriented approach: 1. Phonetic expressive ability and stylistic devices. 2. Lexical expressive capacity and stylistic devices. 3. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices". 1. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic gadgets To this group Galperin refers such means as: 1) onomatopoeia (direct and indirect): ding-dong; silver bells... tinkle, tinkle; 2) alliteration (initial rhyme): to rob Peter to pay Paul; * To avoid repetition in every classification definitions of all stylistic gadgets are given in the glossary 3) rhyme (full, incomplete, compound or broken, eye rhyme, inner rhyme. Also, stanza rhymes: couplets, triple, cross, framingIring); 4) rhythm. 2. Lexical expressive potential and stylistic devices There are three large subdivisions in this category of units and they all deal with the semantic nature of a phrase or phrase. However the standards of choice of skill for each subdivision are one-of-a-kind and appear exceptional semantic processes. I. In the first subdivision the principle of classification is the interaction of one-of- a-kind sorts of a word's meanings: dictionary, contextual, derivative, nominal, and emotive. The stylistic impact of the lexical means is performed via the binary opposition of dictionary and contextual or logical and emotive or main and by-product meanings of a word [7,p, 96]. 15 A. The first crew consists of capacity primarily based on the interplay of dictionary and contextual meanings: metaphor: Dear Nature is the kindest Mother still. (Byron) metonymy: The camp, the pulpit and the regulation For rich man's sons are free. (Shelly) irony: It need to be pleasant to find oneself in a overseas country except a penny in one's pocket. B. The 2nd unites means primarily based on the interaction of foremost and by- product meanings: polysemy: Massachusetts was hostile to the American flag, and she would no longer permit it to be hoisted on her State Bouse; zeugma and pun: May's mother always stood on her gentility; and Dot's mother never stood on some thing however her active little feet. (Dickens) C. The 0.33 group contains means based totally on the opposition of logical and emotive meanings: interjections and exclamatory words: All current lifestyles is however an interjection An 'Oh' or 'Ah' of joy or misery, Or a 'Ha! ha!' or 'Bah!'-a yawn or 'Pooh!' Of which possibly the latter is most true. (Byron) epithet: a well-matched, fairly-balanced give-and-take couple. (Dickens) oxymoron: peopled desert, populous solitude, proud humility. (Byron) D. The fourth group is based totally on the interaction of logical and nominal meanings and includes: antonomasia: Mr. Facing-Both-Ways does no longer get very a long way in this world. (The Times) 16 II. The precept for distinguishing the 2d big subdivision in accordance to Galperin is entirely different from the first one and is primarily based on the interaction between two lexical meanings simultaneously materialised in the context. This form of interaction helps to name distinct interest to a sure feature of the object described. Here belong: simile: treacherous as a snake, faithful as a dog, gradual as a tortoise. periphrasis: a gentleman of the long gown (a lawyer); the fair sex. (women) euphemism: In non-public I should name him a liar. In the Press you must use the words: 'Reckless brush aside for truth'. (Galsworthy) hyperbole: The earth was made for Dombey and Son to change in and the solar and the moon had been made to supply them light. (Dickens) III. The 1/3 subdivision contains steady word combos in their interplay with the context: cliches: clockwork precision, crushing defeat, the whip and carrot policy. proverbs and sayings: Come! he said, milk's spilt. (Galsworthy) epigrams: A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. (Keats) quotations: Ecclesiastes said, 'that all is vanity'. (Byron) allusions: Shakespeare talks of the herald Mercury. (Byron) decomposition of set phrases: You understand which aspect the law's buttered. (Galsworthy) 3. Syntactical expressive potential and stylistic devices Syntactical expressive potential and stylistic units are not paradigmatic but syntagmatic or structural means. In defining syntactical units Galperin proceeds from the following thesis: the structural factors have their very own independent meaning and this which means might also affect the lexical meaning. In doing so it may also impart a different contextual that means to some of the lexical units [8, p, 120]. The most important criteria for classifying syntactical stylistic units are: 17 - the juxtaposition of the components of an utterance; - the kind of connection of the parts; - the unusual use of colloquial constructions; - the transference of structural meaning. Devices built on the precept of juxtaposition inversion (several types): A tone of most extravagant evaluation Miss Tox said it in. (Dickens) Down dropped the breeze. (Colerigde) detached constructions: She was once lovely: all of her - delightful. (Dreiser) parallel constructions: The seeds ye sow - another reaps, The robes ye weave - some other wears The hands ye forge - any other bears. (Shelley) chiasmus: In the days of old men made manners Manners now make men. (Byron) repetition: For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, needs words, and phrases a letter. (Byron) enumeration: The principle manufacturing of these towns... show up to be soldiers, sailors, Jews, chalk, shrimps, officers, and dock-yard men. (Dickens) suspense: Know ye the land where the cypress and myrtle... Know ye the land of the cedar and vine... 'Tis the clime of the East - 'tis the land of the Sun. (Byron) climax: They looked at hundred of houses, they climbed thousands of stairs, they inspected innumerable kitchens. (Maugham) 18 antithesis: Youth is lovely, age is lonely; Youth is fiery, age is frost. (Longfellow) Devices based totally on the kind of connection include Asyndeton: Soams grew to become away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing earlier than an open grave... (Galsworthy) polysyndeton: The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, ought to boast of the advantage over him in only one respect. (Dickens) gap-sentence link: It used to be an afternoon to dream. And she took out Jon's letters. (Galsworthy) Figures united by the abnormal use of colloquial constructions Ellipsis: Nothing so challenging as a beginning, how smooth the chin which bears his touch. (Byron) Aposiopesis (break-in-the-narrative): Good intentions however -; You simply come domestic or I'll... Question in the narrative: Scrooge knew he used to be dead? Of route he did. How ought to it be otherwise? (Dickens) Represented speech (uttered and unuttered or internal represented speech): Marshal asked the crowd to disperse and advised accountable diggers to prevent any disturbance... (Prichard) Over and over he used to be asking himself: would she get hold of him? Transferred use of structural meaning involves such figures as Rhetorical questions: How long should we suffer? Where is the end? (Norris) Litotes: He was once no mild lamb (London); Mr. Bardell was no deceiver. (Dickens) Since "Stylistics" via Galperin is the simple manual advocated for this course at university degree no in addition transposition of its content is deemed necessary. However other attempts have been made to classify all expressive capacity and stylistic devices due to the fact some concepts utilized in this system do now not seem totally consistent and reliable. There are two big subdivisions here that classify all devices into either lexical or syntactical. At the identical time there is a form of combination of 19 principles on account that some devices of course involve both lexical and syntactical features, e. g. antithesis, climax, periphrasis, irony, and others [9, p, 125]. According to Galperin there are structural and compositional syntactical devices, devices built on transferred structural that means and the kind of syntactical connection and units that involve a ordinary use of colloquial constructions. Though very exact this classification provokes some questions regarding the standards used in setting the group 'peculiar use of colloquial constructions' among the syntactical means and the group called 'peculiar use of set expressions' among the lexical devices. Another criterion used for classifying lexical expressive capacity namely, 'intensification of a certain characteristic of a factor or phenomenon' also looks instead dubious. Formulated like this it may want to be equally applied to quite a variety of devices positioned through the author in other subdivisions of this classification with a exceptional criteria of identification, such as metaphor, metonymy, epithet, repetition, inversion, suspense, etc. It does no longer appear pretty just to place all cases of ellipsis, aposiopesis or represented speech amongst colloquial constructions. |
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