International law, Sixth edition
Download 7.77 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
International Law MALCOLM N. SHAW
Commentaries, IV, chapter 5.
48 See section 3(1) of the European Communities Act 1972 and section 2 of the Human Rights Act 1998, incorporating into domestic law respectively the EU treaties and the European Convention on Human Rights. See also Kay v. Lambeth Borough Council [2006] UKHL 10. 49 See below, chapter 12, p. 673. 50 See below, p. 186. See also A & Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71. i n t e r nat i o na l l aw a n d m u n i c i pa l l aw 141 different sources of international law and the difficulties of this task have percolated through the relationship. Customary international law It is in this sphere that the doctrine of incorporation has become the main British approach. It is an old-established theory dating back to the eighteenth century, owing its prominence at that stage to the consider- able discussion then taking place as to the precise extent of diplomatic immunity. A few of the more important cases will be briefly surveyed. In Buvot v. Barbuit, 51 Lord Talbot declared unambiguously that ‘the law of nations in its full extent was part of the law of England’, so that a Prussian commercial agent could not be rendered liable for failing to perform a decree. This was followed twenty-seven years later by Triquet v. Bath, 52 where Lord Mansfield, discussing the issue as to whether a domestic ser- vant of the Bavarian Minister to Britain could claim diplomatic immunity, upheld the earlier case and specifically referred to Talbot’s statement. This acceptance of customary international law rules as part and par- cel of the common law of England, so vigorously stated in a series of eighteenth-century cases, was subject to the priority granted to Acts of Parliament and tempered by the principle of stare decisis or precedent, maintained by the British courts and ensuring that the judgments of the higher courts are binding upon the lower courts of the hierarchical system. Accordingly, a rule of international law would not be implemented if it ran counter to a statute or decision by a higher court. 53 It is also important to admit that during this period the rules of customary international law were relatively few in number so that few conflicts between the systems were to be envisaged. In the nineteenth century, a series of cases occurred which led many writers to dispute the validity of the hitherto accepted incorporation doc- trine and replace it with the theory of transformation, according to which the rules of customary international law only form part of English law if they have been specifically adopted, either by legislation or case-law. The turning point in this saga is marked by the case of R v. Keyn 54 which concerned a German ship, the Franconia, which collided with and sank a British vessel in the English Channel within three miles of the English 51 (1737) Cases t. Talbot 281. 52 (1764) 3 Burr. 1478. 53 But see Trendtex Trading Corporation v. Central Bank of Nigeria [1977] 2 WLR 356; 64 ILR, p. 111; below, p. 144. 54 (1876) 2 Ex.D. 63. 142 i n t e r nat i o na l l aw coast. The German captain was indicted for manslaughter following the death of a passenger from the British ship, and the question that came before the Court for Crown Cases Reserved was whether an English court did indeed have jurisdiction to try the offence in such circumstances. The Court came to the conclusion that no British legislation existed which provided for jurisdiction over the three-mile territorial sea around the coasts. It was true that such a rule might be said to exist in international law, but it was one thing to say that the state had the right to legislate over a part of what had previously been the high seas, and quite another to conclude that the state’s laws operate at once there, independently of any legislation. One thing did not follow from another, and it was imperative to keep distinct on the one hand the power of Parliament to make laws, and on the other the authority of the courts, without appropriate legislation, to apply the criminal law where it could not have been applied before. The question, as Lord Cockburn emphasised, was whether, acting judicially, the Court could treat the power of Parliament to legislate as making up for the absence of actual legislation. The answer came in the negative and the German captain was released. This case was seen by some as marking a change to a transforma- tion approach, 55 but the judgment was in many respects ambiguous, dealing primarily with the existence or not of any right of jurisdic- tion over the territorial sea. 56 In many respects the differences between the incorporation and transformation theories have revolved in practice more around evidential questions than any comprehensive theoretical revolution. In any event, any doubts as to the outcome of any further Download 7.77 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling