International law, Sixth edition
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International Law MALCOLM N. SHAW
Treaties Constitutionality case, 73 ILR, p. 691 and the G¨org¨ul¨u case (Individual Consti-
tutional Complaint), BVerfG, 2 BvR 1481/04 of 14 October 2004, 111 Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (BVerfGE), 307–32, [2004] Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW) 3407–12. 225 See e.g. E. A. Alkema, ‘Fundamental Human Rights and the Legal Order of the Netherlands’ in International Law in the Netherlands (eds. H. Van Panhuys et al.), Dordrecht, 1980, vol. III, p. 109; Peaslee, Constitutions, vol. III, p. 652; Oppenheim’s International Law, p. 69, and H. Schermers, The Effect of Treaties in Domestic Law (eds. F. Jacobs and S. Roberts), Leiden, 1987, p. 109. See also e.g. Nordstern Allgemeine Versicherungs AG v. Vereinigte Stinees Rheinreedereien 74 ILR, p. 2 and Public Prosecutor v. JO 74 ILR, p. 130. Note also J. Klabbers, ‘The New Dutch Law on the Approval of Treaties’, 44 ICLQ, 1995, p. 629. 226 See e.g. H. F. van Panhuys, ‘The Netherlands Constitution and International Law: A Decade of Experience’, 58 AJIL, 1964, pp. 88–108. See also Handelskwekerij GJ Bier BV v. Mines de Potasse d’Alsace SA 11 Netherlands YIL, 1980, p. 326. i n t e r nat i o na l l aw a n d m u n i c i pa l l aw 173 international organisation are binding on all persons within the meaning of articles 93 and 94 of the Constitution. 227 In a provision contained in other constitutions, article 10 of the Italian Constitution of 1947 stipulates that the Italian legal order ‘shall conform with the generally recognised rules of international law’. This is interpreted to indicate that international customary law will override inconsistent or- dinary national legislation. 228 Article 8(1) of the Portuguese Constitution provides that the rules and principles of general or customary interna- tional law are an integral part of Portuguese law, 229 while under article 87 of Poland’s Constitution of 1997, a ratified international treaty, equal to a statute, is one of the sources of law. 230 The Supreme Court of Belgium has taken the view that directly effective treaty provisions have superiority over the Constitution, 231 as well as over a conflicting legislative act. 232 The French Constitution of 1958 declares that treaties duly ratified and published shall operate as laws within the domestic system. 233 However, the Constitution provides that, although in principle it is the President of the Republic who negotiates and ratifies treaties, with regard to impor- tant treaties such as commercial treaties which entail some form of finan- cial outlay, treaties relating to international organisations, treaties mod- ifying legislation and treaties affecting personal status, ratification takes place by Act of Parliament. Once the relevant legislation has been passed, the agreement is promulgated and becomes binding upon the courts. 227 See Reinier van Arkel Foundation and Others v. Minister for Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Case Nr 200401178/1; LJN: AR2181; AB 2005/12. 228 Cassese, International Law, p. 225, note 21. See also the decision of the Italian Court of Cassation in Canada v. Cargnello 114 ILR, p. 559, and, for a similar view in Latvia, Judgment of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia on a Request for Constitutional Review, No. 2004–01–06 of 7 July 2004, Latvian Herald, 9 July 2004, No. 108, 3056. 229 See e.g. the decision of the Supreme Court of Portugal in the Brazilian Embassy Employee case, May 1984, 116 ILR, p. 625. 230 See Resolution of the Supreme Court of 19 February 2003, I KZP 47/02. 231 Download 7.77 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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