Introduction Chapter Parts of speech in English language

Nouns can be promodified by nouns in the possessive case & common case
If we say "the car's roof we mean individual characteristics, "the car roof - general characteristics. Noun-groups of the type "noun + noun" (car roof, speech sound, etc.) are called stone-wall-constructions. They take an intermediary position between compound nouns & noun phrases. Multicomponental structures are typical of newspaper & scientific style (e.g. ambulance- staff-pay-dispute).
Subclasses
Nouns fall into several subclasses which differ as to their semantic & grammatical properties. Division common proper; common concrete & abstract; countable uncountable; uncountable mass .animate, inanimate; personal non-personal; human non-human. Lexiсо-semantic variants of nouns may belong to different subclasses (e.g. paper - a paper ). The class of nouns can be described as a lexico-grammatical field. Nouns denoting things constitute the center or nucleus of the field & nouns denoting processes, qualities, abstract notions are marginal or peripheral elements of the field.
Morphological characteristics
Number is proper to countable nouns only. Usually words that lack a certain category have only one form that of the weak member of the opposition. Non-counts may be singular or plural. So , subclasses of non- count nouns constitute a lexico-grammatical opposition: singular only now vs plural only (cattle). The general meaning revealed through the opposition is number or quantity or "oneness/more than oneness". The general meaning revealed through the lexico-grammatical opposition is "discreteness/non-discreteness".
The opposition "discreteness/non-discreteness" is semantically broader then the opposition "oneness/more than oneness". It embraces both countable & uncountable nouns. Singular presents the noun- referent as a single indiscrete entity. Plural presents the referent as a multiplicity of discrete entities (houses , cars; scissors; wines). Case is a morphological category which has a distinct syntactic significance as it denotes relations of nouns towards other words in the sentence.
Languages of synthetic structure have a developed case system. Languages of analytical structure lack these morphological variants. In English the only case which is marked morphologically is the Genitive. The other "case meanings" are expressed by word order & prepositions. Positional & prepositional cases are very often analyzed alongside of the inflectional case. And the case system may look as follows: John came in.(nominative) John's friend or a friend of John (genitive) I gave John a letter, or I gave it to John, (dative) I saw John there, (accusative) It is obvious from these examples that position is a syntactic property.