Development - Apply scientific, engineering or technological knowledge in a systematic manner to improve performance
- Exploits knowledge created elsewhere
- Has a final product, service or process
- Usually strict time constraints
- Budget constraints
- Targeting profit increase
Research & Development - Term used in the industrial/business sector
- Research is a process creating new knowledge
- Development is a process that applies knowledge
Academic research vs. R&D - Academic research seeks truth vs. R&D seeks utility
- Industry can’t afford luxury of research vs. Academics don’t want to be bothered with financial problems
- Scientific vs. effective methodology
The scientific research - The aim of scientific research is to establish facts.
- The classical model of scientific inquiry that forms of approximate and exact reasoning in a threefold scheme (Aristotle) :
- Abductive reasoning
- Deductive reasoning
- Induction (inductive reasoning)
Abductive reasoning - It is a process of choosing the hypothesis, which would best explain the available evidence.
- Usually a natural and instinctive process.
- Its role in the scientific research: it offers appropiate hypotheses built on observations and/or previous studies.
- Abduction is not necessarily correct, but enhancing or exploring different hypotheses will allow a systematic approach to scientific research.
- Occam’s Razor: the rule of thumb known as ‘Occam’s Razor’, where the simplest explanation is likely to be the correct one.
Deductive reasoning - …is reasoning which constructs or evaluates deductive arguments. Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises.
- An example of a deductive argument:
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