Introduction to Social Science Research


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Introduction to Social Science Research

Development

  • Apply scientific, engineering or technological knowledge in a systematic manner to improve performance
    • Exploits knowledge created elsewhere
    • Has a final product, service or process
    • Usually strict time constraints
    • Budget constraints
    • Targeting profit increase

Research & Development

  • Term used in the industrial/business sector
  • Research is a process creating new knowledge
  • Development is a process that applies knowledge

Academic research vs. R&D

  • Academic research seeks truth vs. R&D seeks utility
  • Industry can’t afford luxury of research vs. Academics don’t want to be bothered with financial problems
  • Scientific vs. effective methodology

The scientific research

  • The aim of scientific research is to establish facts.
  • The classical model of scientific inquiry that forms of approximate and exact reasoning in a threefold scheme (Aristotle) :
    • Abductive reasoning
    • Deductive reasoning
    • Induction (inductive reasoning)

Abductive reasoning

  • It is a process of choosing the hypothesis, which would best explain the available evidence.
  • Usually a natural and instinctive process.
  • Its role in the scientific research: it offers appropiate hypotheses built on observations and/or previous studies.
  • Abduction is not necessarily correct, but enhancing or exploring different hypotheses will allow a systematic approach to scientific research.
  • Occam’s Razor: the rule of thumb known as ‘Occam’s Razor’, where the simplest explanation is likely to be the correct one.

Deductive reasoning

  • …is reasoning which constructs or evaluates deductive arguments. Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises.
  • An example of a deductive argument:

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