Introduction to translation theory: objects and objectives. Main types of translation

Intralinguistic translation, or rewording, i.e. interpreting verbal signs through other signs of the same language. This can be done on diachronic level: Chaucer’s text is translated into modern English. When done on synchronic level, this kind of code switching is called a paraphrase. We often deal with paraphrasing when trying to explain or define things. when we change signs inside the same language. For example, to explain the meaning of the phrase I am not much of a cook, we can paraphrase it by I do not like to cook, or I do not cook well.

In the theory of translation, this type of code switching is called a transformation. Оr when we change or paraphrase, scientific or texts of some profession with more common words. or when we change or paraphrase, scientific or texts of some profession with more commonly used words, for example, medical terms or mathematical, or terms used by specialists in their professional fields, we change to phrases that we use in everyday life.

2. 
   Interlanguage translation, i.e. substituting verbal signs of one language by verbal signs of another language, or switching from one language code to another one. This type of code switching is translation proper, the object of Translation Studies.
   
3. 
   Intersemiotic translation, i.e. substituting signs of one semiotic system by signs of a different semiotic system. In its broad meaning, the term implies transmutation and can be illustrated by decoding some ideas and themes expressed, for example, in a poem through the “language” of music or dance or art.
   

3. Communicative approach
The main function of language is to serve as a means of communication. Communication is a socially conditioned process of transmitting and perceiving information using various verbal and non-verbal means. The ability to exchange with the help of speech is the most important property of a person as a rational being. A person's mind can develop only by acquiring knowledge about the world around him, which was brought to the attention through speech.
The basis of the existence of civilization is speech, since civilization is not created by an individual, but by a social society, and society can exist only if its members are able to communicate with each other using speech, to carry out speech communication.
The general scheme of the communicative act of speech belongs to the german linguist Roman Jacobson.
So, communication is understood as the transmission of a message from one communicant (source, author, sender of the message) to another (recipient, addressee, receiver of the message).