Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859) — an extraordinary engineer
Download 0.49 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
DAY 7 PASSAGE 1 merged
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13
The Great Eastern
• was originally intended to carry passengers to 11. …………………… • became less viable commercially as a result of the construction of the 12. ………………… • was bought for use in laying 13. …………………… 1 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 2. Waste Production The United States of America leads the world in waste production, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), generating some 200 million tons a year, enough to fill a convoy of garbage trucks stretching eight times around the globe. Each US citizen discards 3.6 pounds a day, almost twice as much as the average German. Others feed on Americans' high-quality leavings. Japan takes their twisted metal and sells it back to them as cars. Other tree-poor nations buy their used paper to make more paper. Scrap iron and waste paper top the exports leaving New York harbor. Landfills get two-thirds of what's left behind. But much of the heavily populated east coast is expected to run out of landfill space in this decade, and the EPA estimates that within the same time span, 80 per cent of landfills nationwide will close and new sites must be found. Western states have room for more, although dumps and their toxic by-products are seldom welcome neighbors. Where will our waste go? We burn 16 per cent now and could burn more. But that raises concerns about air pollution from heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, copper and mercury, which vaporize in intense heat. We could reduce waste by cutting down on the packaging that surrounds our products: it accounts for one-third of our trash. And we could re-use more of it. 'Recycling works, and it makes economic sense even when a material is plentiful,' says Phil Bailey of the National Recycling Coalition in Washington, DC. 'Recycling glass requires less energy than making it from sand. Recycling steel is less expensive than mining ore. This is where the environment and the economy meet. It's becoming an integral part of business and industry.' Recycling has grown beyond a feel-good trend. Here's how recycling works, generally. A community decides to divert waste from a Landfill. In addition to the regular garbage trucks, new haulers with separate compartments must now go out to pick up newspapers, beer cans, pickle jars, detergent bottles and other reclaimables. At a recycling center the materials are further sorted and compacted for sale to a manufacturer who makes them into new products. Yard trimmings and wooden construction debris - two of the largest components of landfills after paper - may be composted at the center and offered directly to consumers. Most collection is operated or subsidised by local and state governments. The pacesetter is Seattle. It recovers 45 per cent of its waste compared with a 17 per cent average for the rest of the country. Success is pinned to a 'pay as you throw' program: residents who recycle best pay the least for removal of their trash. 'Our recyclables are picked up for nothing,' explained Sally Kentch, who lives in a north Seattle neighborhood. ‘But we pay $15 a month for a 30- gallon can for garbage that can't be recycled. It we don't recycle Well, we may need two garbage cans, which costs twice as much.' With the fees charged for the garbage cans, Seattle covers its weekly garbage pickup and pays two companies 2 to pick up the recyclables. The companies sort the materials and sell them for profit. But not everyone praises recycling; there are economic arguments against it as well. 'Implementing programs is expensive, and it's difficult to sell the materials,' says Lynn Scarlett of the Reason Foundation, a Los Angeles think tank. 'It works sometimes! but it doesn't make sense to ship recyclables to markets halfway across the country from areas where there is still landfill space. ‘Programs that look promising on paper sometimes flounder in practice. In Germany, for example, law-makers were praised in 1991 for requiring manufacturers to recycle their packaging - not literally to take It back, but to pay a second party to recycle the volume of packaging they were producing. Many businesses signalled their compliance by marking their products with a green dot. But without any system of enforcement, some dots appeared that were not backed by recycling contracts. And the packaging piled up beyond the recyclers' ability to process it. Green dots began showing up in landfills. In the United States the first surge in recycling was also marked by mountains of unclaimed bottles and paper. The gluts have shrunk but not vanished. Supporters say it just takes time for regional markets to evolve and close the loop from manufacturer to consumer and back to manufacturer again. 'We underestimated people's response to recycling,' said David Dougherty, director of the Clean Washington Center, a state agency in Seattle that develops markets for recyclables. 'They did it so well, an over-supply resulted. But seeing those materials go begging has made people realize the need to create markets for them.' 'We've got to do it right,' says Dougherty. 'We've got to create local markets, make recycling a natural part of the economy so it becomes a part of our lifestyle. Of all the environmental concerns that have come up through the years, this Is the most personal. People are uncertain what they can do about saving whales or the rainforest. But they can recycle the waste of their everyday lives.' |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling