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structural-semantic-features-of-phraseological-units-in-english
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47 the concept of "phraseological unit"; 3) analysis of existing classifications of phraseological units; 4) the study of the structural and semantic features of English phraseological units based on the material of the series "Friends". The following research methods were used in the work: 1) the method of generalization and systematization of scientific information about phraseological units; 2) the method of continuous sampling of phraseological units from the series; 3) a statistical method for identifying the frequency of use of specific types of phraseological units. The theoretical significance of this work lies in the fact that the study of English phraseological units will reveal their structural and semantic features, as well as identify the degree of use of individual phraseological units in the English language on the example of the American series "Friends". The results of the work can be useful in the study of such academic disciplines as phraseology and lexicology of modern English, as well as in writing term papers and final qualification papers on this topic. Research results Phraseological units (phraseological units, phraseological units, hereinafter phraseological units) are the object of the theory of phraseology. They are non-modeled phrases connected by semantic unity. PU are not created in the process of communication, they are reproduced as ready-made integral units and function as a single member of the sentence. According to V.V. Vinogradov, phraseological units are “stable” verbal com- plexes, opposed to “free” syntactic phrases as ready-made language formations, not created, but only reproduced in the process of speech [1, p. 4]. According to N.M. Shansky, a phraseological unit is a linguistic unit reproduced in finished form, consisting of two or more stressed components of a verbal character, fixed in its meaning, com- position and structure [6, p. 21]. The components of a phraseological phrase are invariable, i.e. constant, closely related to each other and arranged in a strictly defined order. Phraseologisms include: idioms (to eat like a horse - eat for three, to chew the fat - sharpen your hair, to be in the red - be in debt), proverbs and sayings, (truth will out - awl in you can’t hide it in a bag, still water runs deep - there are devils in a still pool), popular expressions are aphoristic statements that go back to a specific author or an anonymous literary source (Disappointment is often the salt of life. - Disappointment is often the point life). The main features of phraseological units are semantic integrity, stability, separate form and reproducibil- ity. PhUs are characterized by semantic integrity: the meaning of the whole expression differs from the values of its constituent elements, which is the result of their complete or partial rethinking. For example, the English idiom to take a leaf from smb's book (lit.: take a leaf from someone's book) means "take an example from someone", to go to the wall - not "go to the wall", but "go broke", hem and haw - not "hem and hawthorn", and "pull the cat by the tail." The integrity of phraseological units is based on its separate form and idiomaticity: phraseological units in most cases are formed from words and function as separate form formations. Idiomaticity is a semantic charac- teristic, which consists in the non-derivation of the meaning of the whole language formation from the totality of the meanings of its parts [5, p. 181]. FE is a stable combination. Words in phraseological turnover are combined according to linguistic customs and traditions. Change of the composition is unacceptable, or to a fairly limited extent. The stability of phraseo- logical units implies the stability of use, i.e., the use of phraseological units by the entire language community. Phraseologisms appear as individual formations and then become public property. PhU is also stable in its lexical composition and its meaning. The components of phraseological units are either completely irreplaceable (to be tied by the leg - to be tied hand and foot, to burn the midnight oil - to work at night), or change slightly, while the replacement words are always limited to a narrow circle (to leave one self (wide) open - put yourself in jeopardy, to add oil to the fire / flame - add fuel to the fire, a run of bad / ill luck - a streak of bad luck). The stability of phraseological units is also manifested in the stability of the morphological forms of their components. For exam- ple, nouns in phraseological units can only be used in the singular form (to run in one's head - spin in the head, a skeleton in the closet - a family secret), only in the plural form (to knock over like skittles - do not leave a stone on a stone, thickasthieves - bosom friends) or in the possessive form (to hold smb. at arm's length - keep your distance, kids' stuff - a couple of trifles). Phraseological units are characterized by reproducibility, which lies in the fact that phraseological expressions are retrieved from memory as a whole. Phraseologisms leading light (ce- lebrity), to be as good as a headache (completely unnecessary), to take one's life (lay hands on oneself) are not formed by speakers in the process of speech from the corresponding words (leading, light, good, headache, take , life), but are recreated as a whole, as synonymous words (acelebrity, tokill, useless). Phraseological units are char- acterized by their reproducibility in finished form with a fixed and strictly fixed meaning, composition and struc- ture. 1. “But the silver lining, if you wanna it, is that he made this decision all by himself without any outside help whatsoever.” “But there is a good side to it. He said that he made this decision himself, without anyone's help there. Silver lining (a glimmer of hope) is a substantive two-component phraseological unit, a complete metaphor- ical rethinking, motivated phraseological unit, refers to persons. 2. “That would be a judgment call.” Judgment call (personal choice) is a substantive two-component phra- seological unit, a complete metaphorical rethinking, motivated phraseological unit, refers to persons. |
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