John Milton

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john milton[1]

A Married man...

In the spring of 1642, Milton married Mary Powell, 17 years old to his 34
In 1643, Milton published the Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, which had its second, longer edition in early 1644. In 1644, Milton also published The Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce.
Areopagitica, an oration advocating freedom of the press, in late 1644
when Mary Powell returned Milton had made plans to remarry /daughter Anne was born in 1646/
daughter Mary was born in 1648 in High Holborn

The year 1652 was one of many personal losses for Milton. In February, Milton lost his sight. This prompted him to write the sonnet "When I Consider How My Light is Spent." In May, 1652, Mary gave birth to a daughter, Deborah, and died a few days later. In June, one year-old John died.

Milton put poetry aside and began to write anti-episcopal prose tracts in the service of the Puritan and Parliamentary cause
Milton’s first foray into polemics was Of Reformation touching Church Discipline in England (1641), followed by Of Prelatical Episcopacy, and The Reason of Church Government Urged against Prelaty. With frequent passages of real eloquence lighting up the rough controversial style of the period, and with a wide knowledge of ecclesiastical antiquity, he vigorously attacked the High-church party of the Church of England and their leader, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury.
in 1644 he wrote his short tract, Of Education, urging a reform of the national universities.
published a series of pamphlets arguing for the legality and morality of divorce and 1645 Poems – the only poetry of his to see print until Paradise Lost appeared in 1667.

Philosophy
By the late 1650s, Milton was a proponent of monism or animist materialism, the notion that a single material substance which is "animate, self-active, and free" composes everything in the universe: from stones and trees and bodies to minds, souls, angels, and God. Milton devised this position to avoid the mind-body dualism of Plato and Descartes as well as the mechanistic determinism of Hobbes. Milton's monism is most notably reflected in Paradise Lost when he has angels eat and have sex
Politics
Milton's fervent commitment to republicanism in an age of absolute monarchies was both unpopular and dangerous. In coming centuries, Milton would be claimed as an early apostle of liberalism
Religion
Milton was writing at a time of religious and political flux in England. His poetry and prose reflect deep convictions, often reacting to contemporary circumstances, but it is not always easy to locate the writer in any obvious religious category. His views may be described as broadly Protestant. As an accomplished artist and an official in the government of Oliver Cromwell, it is not always easy to distinguish where artistic licence and polemical intent overshadowed Milton's personal views.

Like many Renaissance artists before him, Milton integrated Christian theology into classical modes
In his early poems, the poet narrator express a tension between vice and virtue, the latter invariably related to Protestantism
In his later poems, Milton's theological concerns become more explicit. In Of Reformation (1641), Milton expressed his dislike for Catholicism and episcopacy, presenting Rome as a modern Babylon, and bishops as Egyptian taskmasters. These analogies conform to Milton's puritanical preference for Old Testament imagery. Milton often presents England, as an elect nation similar to the Old Testament Israel, and shows its leader, Oliver Cromwell, as a latter-day Moses
The Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660 began a new phase in Milton's work:

In Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes Milton shows the end of the godly Commonwealth
The Garden of Eden allegory reflects Milton's view of England's recent Fall from Grace, while Samson's blindness and captivity – mirroring Milton's own failing sight – is a metaphor for England's blind acceptance of Charles II as king. However, despite the Restoration of the monarchy Milton did not lose his own faith; Samson shows how the loss of national salvation did not necessarily preclude the salvation of the individual, while Paradise Regained expresses Milton's continuing belief in the promise of Christian salvation through Jesus Christ.

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