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VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF
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For teachers Vol 3 sentyabr 2023 (1)
VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF
CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Kokan DPI special pedagogy head of Department p.f.b.f.d (PhD)., dots L.R.Khayitov Direction of special pedagogy (oligofrenopedagogy) Group 404 student F.Egamberdieva https://sciencepromotion.uz thoughts does not hear the conversation, although the voices reach his hearing aid. If the focus is on something else, the person may not feel pain. On the contrary, with a deep focus on something or activity, a person notices all its details and acts very effectively, increasing his sensitivity, focusing his attention on sensations. Attention in human life and activity performs many different functions. R.S. As Nemov noted: "it activates and inhibits the necessary psychological and physiological processes, helps in the organizational and targeted selection of information entering the body in accordance with its existing needs, provides selective and long-term concentration of mental activity of the same object or type. activity" Attention is associated with the orientation and selectivity of cognitive processes. Their adaptation directly depends on what is most important for the body at a certain time, for the realization of the interests of the individual. Attention determines the accuracy and detail of perception, the strength and selectivity of memory, the direction and productivity of mental activity. Attention for perceptual processes is a type of amplifier that allows you to distinguish the details of images. For human memory, attention is a factor capable of storing the necessary information in short-term and operational memory, acting as a necessary condition for transferring memorized material to long-term memory. Attention to thinking serves as a mandatory factor in understanding and solving the problem. Attention plays a large role in the process of speech development. Experimental studies have shown that in the absence of auditory attention, the limit of auditory sensitivity changes, compared to the usual one, it increases several tens of times, and, accordingly, the sensitivity to sound decreases. Assessing the role of attention in mental activity, the Great Russian teacher K.D. Ushinsky: "attention is the door through which everything that enters the soul of a person from the outside world passes” Attention is the accumulation of consciousness into a specific object, ensuring its accurate reflection. Research on attention has been going on for many centuries, and there is still no consensus among psychologists on the nature and right of independent consideration. Some scientists argue that attention does not exist as a separate independent process, it acts only as an aspect of another psychological process or activity. https://sciencepromotion.uz Others consider attention to be an independent mental state of a person, a kind of internal process with specific characteristics that do not decrease in the characteristics of other cognitive processes. To justify their point of view, psychologists argue that it is possible to identify and distinguish between carefully related special types of structures that ensure the functioning of other cognitive processes in the human brain that are anatomically and physiologically relatively autonomous. The role of reticular formation in attention assurance, as a possible innate mechanism of its orientation reflex, has been studied and described in relation to attention to the dominant A.A. Ukhtomsky. Psychologists say that attention occupies a special place in the system of psychological phenomena. It enters all other psychic processes, but has properties that go through all other psychic processes. It is the presence of dynamic, observable and measurable properties such as volume, stability, variability, etc.that are not directly related to cognitive processes (perception, perception, memory, thinking). R.S. Nemov argues that the correct solution is to combine and try to take into account both points of view , to carefully see both sides of processes and their independent side. This attention does not exist as a separate psychic process, but rather implies the acceptance of a point of view, which is a special case that characterizes all these processes. This position is confirmed by certain anatomical and physiological data : 1. The Dominant mechanism can be observed on the entire surface of the cerebral cortex, regardless of which analyzers are localized in them. 2. Reticular formation is located in the path of nerve impulses that apply to all cognitive processes. 3. Attention neurons - cells - novelty detectors-are located on almost the entire surface of the brain and in some internal structures. 4. All 3 factors in the central nervous system, regardless of individual sensory analyzers, are autonomously present and, nevertheless, this speaks of a special phenomenon that cannot be reduced to everyone else. According to the concept of traditional Psychophysiology, attention is viewed as an independent psychic process. In contrast to this idea, S.L. Rubinstein (1946) believed that attention lacks its own content and is a dynamic characteristic of a course of cognitive https://sciencepromotion.uz activity. In modern systemic Psychophysiology, attention is interpreted not as a separate psychic process, but as the result of certain intersystem relations in the central nervous system, which ensure the effectiveness of human activity. The physiological mechanism of attention, as psychologists note , is considered as a filter that is located at different levels of the nervous system and filters out less significant signals. Attention is associated with reticular formation, an anatomically and functionally separate nerve tissue located in the brainstem and subcortical areas. It inhibits some impulses and strengthens others, transferring them to the cerebral cortex. Thanks to this, the selection of stimuli that reach the specific visual zone is carried out. The mechanism of attention is associated with reflex activity of the brain. I.P. Pavlov identified an unconditioned directing reflex in animals and described it as "what is it?"reflex. In this reflex, which is innate in humans, it is clear that attention depends on external stimuli, but it does not explain the entire complexity of the voluntary attention of the individual, developed in the process of Labor. Open I.P. helps to understand the physiological picture of attention dynamics. The Pavlov phenomenon has been called the" optimal center of arousal". At any given time, the brain is affected by a number of stimuli (hearing, vision, skin, etc. Under their influence, many foci of excitation of various forces appear in the cerebral cortex. Studies have shown that the optimal center of excitation has moderate intensity, but it is the most stable and inhibits other centers. The optimal center of excitation is dynamic. Changes in stimulation cause attention to move to other parts of the brain. Download 38.03 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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