L economic development of Europe in the XVIII century. Lecture The development of industry
The beginning of the industrial revolution in England
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L.6. Economic development of Europe in the XVIII century.
The beginning of the industrial revolution in England. The maturity of the manufactory itself did not
yet cause an industrial revolution. The maturation of conditions for the start of an industrial revolution was determined not by the predominant form of manufacture, but by the nature of its internal and external environment, i.e. whether the manufactory was a part of the capitalist economy or only a part of the capitalist structure within the framework of a feudal country. At a certain stage of development within the bourgeois country, it became tangible - the narrowness of the technical basis of manufacture, and in a feudal country the narrowness of the domestic market, various restrictions of capitalist entrepreneurship due to the preservation of feudal relations. In the middle of the XVIII century. nationally, in England alone, manufacture reached a level of maturity, at which its technical basis came into conflict with its very created production possibilities and the demands of the internal and external markets. Thus, only in England did the economic and socio-political prerequisites for the beginning of the industrial revolution appear. The basis of the coup in the textile industry in the 1780s. there were J. Kay's shuttle plane (1704-1764), J. Hargreaves spinning machine (? -1778), S. Crompton's mule-machine (1753-1827), R. Arkwright's water machine (1732-1792). The introduction of machines into production meant a huge leap forward: no perfect manual labor could compete with machine. Naturally, the rapid development of the cotton industry immediately revealed the lag of other industries. To overcome it here, it was necessary to immediately enter the car. Technical thought prompted many solutions, and, gradually improving, the machines penetrated into all the most important industries - coal mining, iron production, etc. In 1784, the Englishman James Watt (1736-1819), a scientist and designer, invented the first universal engine - a steam engine, setting in motion various working mechanisms. This invention paved the way for further acceleration and improvement of machine production. In the same year, the English metallurgist G. Kort (1740-1800) developed a method for rolling shaped iron, improved the puddling process. In England, instead of wood fuel began to use coal. Download 121.6 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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