L economic development of Europe in the XVIII century. Lecture The development of industry
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L.6. Economic development of Europe in the XVIII century.
The development of transport. The progressive division of labor, the concentration of production tools
and workers, and the specialization of the regions required a radical improvement in the means of transport. At the beginning of the XVIII century. England lagged behind in this respect not only from France, but also from Italy. For the first half of the XVIII century. the length of newly laid or fundamentally improved roads in England amounted to 1600 miles. In 1673, traveling in a postal carriage from London to Exeter took from 8 to 12 days, and in 1760 - from 4 to 6 days. Shipping costs have steadily declined. By 1760, England had navigable rivers and canals, the length of which was 1,460 miles. The construction of roads and canals was successfully carried out in other countries. By the middle of the XVIII century. the construction of main roads connecting Paris with the borders of France was completed. A trip from Paris to Lyon in 1660 took 10 days, in 1770 only 5 days. Trade. XVIII century was the century of trade. In the first two thirds of the XVIII century. more quickly compared with the manufactory, which, moreover, was originally focused on the domestic market, foreign trade developed. The concentration of capital in trade, as a rule, overtook its concentration in industry. Europeans trade with Asian countries was reduced to a passive balance. For a long time, it was dominated by oriental handicrafts, tobacco, spices, tea, and coffee. In trade with America, converts into slavery were often the main entry point for Africans. In the XVIII century. England succeeded in transforming its possessions in America into a vast, rapidly expanding market for its manufactory goods. British goods penetrated the markets of Portugal and its possessions. The main European transit point in overseas trade was London. With London shared the role of overseas trade centers Amsterdam, Bordeaux, Hamburg and Lisbon. A serious trading rival of England in the XVIII century. France remained, which is more than twice the size of England in terms of population. The most profitable branches of foreign trade were firmly seized by merchants and shipowners of several large port cities, primarily Bordeaux and Nantes. For example, in 1717, Bordeaux’s trade amounted to 13 million livres, and in 1789 - 250 million livres, the annual growth rate was 4.4 percent, while the growth rate in French industry was from 1.5 to 1, 19 percent. The main type of struggle between competing countries is trade wars, which were fought not only in the interests of trade, but in many cases contributed to its development and were financed by trade income. Download 121.6 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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