Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
Download 1.59 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
5
Conclusion The functions of NPs can be usefully classified into three different types, seman- tic, pragmatic, and grammatical. Semantic and pragmatic functions can be expected to exist on the basis of what language does, since they are based directly on aspects of meaning. Certain kinds of semantic and pragmatic func- tion, such as agent and topic, turn out to be important for the functioning of many languages. The status of grammatical functions is different: these are abstract intermediaries between the meanings and overt forms of sentences. Languages differ in their organization of grammatical functions, and some languages have been argued to lack them entirely, instead using more direct ways of signalling the semantic and pragmatic functions. Although the typology of the grammatical relations is diverse, there are recurring principles of organization. One basic distinction is between ‘core’ and ‘oblique’ functions; although this can be subtle and hard to ascertain in some cases, it appears to almost always be present. A now well-established parameter of variation is the status of the ‘p-subject’, a grammatical relation associated with but not identical to the pragmatic function of topic. Languages may or may not have a p-subject, and if one is present, it may be preferentially identified with a or with p, or neither may be preferred (a chart of the resulting typology appears at the end of section 2.3 of Foley, chapter 7). Less clear issues are whether languages may lack a-subject, and whether split intransitivity always has a structural basis, or may be a matter of direct sensitivity to semantic roles. It may thus be the case that certain languages lack grammatical relations functioning as abstract intermediaries between meaning and overt form. These questions are difficult to answer conclusively, because of the difficulty of proving the absence of something, but nevertheless they are extremely important: if some languages have grammatical relations and others lack them, that would mean a profound difference in the mental structures responsible for language use in different communities, and would therefore be an extremely important result. Both positive and negative answers to the question of whether languages have grammatical relations or not must therefore be considered carefully and critically. Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling