6
Suggestions for further reading
As presented here, the functions of np comprise semantic roles, pragmatic
roles, and grammatical functions and relations. The most important sources
for semantic roles are Jackendoff (1990) and Dowty (1991); and for pragmatic
functions, Lambrecht (1994). Chapter 7, by Foley, also has much useful dis-
cussion on these topics. For more on the grammatical functions a, s and p see
The major functions of the noun phrase
223
Dixon (1994), and Comrie (1981) for a very clear application to the Torres
Strait Island language Kala Lagaw Ya.
The history of thought on grammatical relations is long and complex. Cole
and Sadock (1977) is a classic collection of older papers on this issue, while
Marantz (1984) is a good discussion of their status as abstract intermediaries
between form and meaning. Dziwirek, Farrell, and Mej´ıas Bikandi (1990) is a
large collection of studies investigating grammatical relations in a wide variety
of languages from many current theoretical points of view, while M. C. Baker
(1988) is an influential presentation of a framework where they are not pre-
sumed as primitives, but defined in terms of more basic structural relationships.
Bresnan (2001) presents a different framework in which a typologically diverse
range of data are analysed under the assumption that grammatical relations
are primitives. Manning (1996) formally integrates into a variant of Bresnan’s
framework the results of much previous work in many frameworks on gram-
matical relations in ergative languages, and is the most immediate source of the
‘a-subject’ and ‘p-subject’ terminology used here. Wechsler and Arka (1998)
apply this style of analysis to Balinese, showing how a language that superfi-
cially seems to be similar to English or Bantu languages is actually a variant of
the Philippine type.
Foley and Van Valin (1984) is a central foundational work for the gen-
eral approach to grammatical relations pursued here, which is extended to an
extremely comprehensive typological study by Van Valin and LaPolla (1997),
investigating an enormously diverse range of languages with extensive refer-
ences to relevant descriptive and theoretical literature.
4
Clause types
Matthew S. Dryer
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