Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
Avery D. Andrews
construction (29c). This illustrates that the as for construction is a free external function, while the topicalization and it-cleft constructions are bound external functions. Bound external functions have a wider range of pragmatic effects than free ones, such as marking focus and presupposition or presentational articulation, and they are coded by a wider range of techniques, including movement to various positions in the sentence-structure, and also marking in situ, without any special position. This latter possibility is illustrated below for the Dravidian language Malayalam. Malayalam (Mohanan (1982)) is an SOV language with np-marking by means of case markers and postpositions, and therefore, as one would expect, has fairly free word order (but, unlike Warlpiri, major constituents such as nps cannot be broken up). There is a ‘cleft’ construction in which the verb is suffixed with at ‘it’, and the clefted np is suffixed with a form of aa ‘be’. The normal word order for this construction is the same as in a non-clefted sentence. Below we give a sentence in normal word order, together with four clefted variants. the cleft nps being italicized: (30) kut.t.i in ¯ n ¯ ale ammakk ə aanaye kot.ut ¯ t ¯ u child(nom) yesterday mother(dat) elephant(acc) gave ‘The child gave an elephant to the mother yesterday’ (31) a. kut.t.iy-aan ə in ¯ n ¯ ale ammakk ə aanaye kot.ut ¯ t ¯ -at ə child(nom)-is yesterday mother(dat) elephant(acc) gave-it ‘It is the child that gave an elephant to the mother yesterday’ b. kut.t.i in ¯ n ¯ aley-aan ə ammakk ə aanaye kot.ut ¯ t ¯ -at ə child(nom) yesterday-is mother(dat) elephant(acc) gave-it ‘It is yesterday that the child gave an elephant to the mother’ c. kut.t.i in ¯ n ¯ ale ammakk-aan ə aanaye kot.ut ¯ t ¯ -at ə child(nom) yesterday mother(dat)-is elephant(acc) gave-it ‘It is the mother that the child gave an elephant to yesterday’ d. kut.t.i in ¯ n ¯ ale ammakk ə aanayey-aan ə kot.ut ¯ t ¯ -at ə child(nom) yesterday mother(dat) elephant(acc)-is gave-it ‘It is the elephant that the child gave to the mother yesterday’ It is also possible to cleft the verb, although this does not concern us here. The elements of all of these sentences could be freely reordered. In addition to rearrangements and markings, external functions can lead to the appearance of a variety of further subtle effects in the clauses they occur in (Zaenen (1983)). Nonetheless it is clear that they are relatively independent of the system of internal grammatical relations that provide the primary expression of semantic roles, and are in effect ‘superposed’ on it. The major functions of the noun phrase 157 Sentence-level intonational and stress features, operating either alone or in conjunction with syntactic mechanisms, may also be employed to express bound external functions. In English, for example, we can impose focus– presupposition articulation simply by stressing the focus: (32) The farmer kills the duckling (c.f.(2)) Stress is frequently used as a focus marker. On the other hand it does not seem to be used to mark topics, except in contrastive constructions: (33) Speaking of Mary and Jim, mary will like this dish, but jim will hate it This is presumably because topics are familiar information with relatively less need for attention to be directed to them, while foci are the new information that is actually being communicated. Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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