Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
Download 1.59 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
with: He went with a stick means merely that he went carrying a stick with
him, not that he used it as an instrument in the activity of going. It is not clear whether this restriction can be made to follow from the meanings of go and instrumental with. Therefore it is unclear whether instrumentals should be regarded as arguments or adjuncts. Drawing the argument/adjunct distinction may require considerable knowl- edge of a language, and deep insight into its semantics. The core/oblique distinc- tion, on the other hand, is usually relatively obvious, although in a few cases it too is somewhat obscure. For this reason the latter rather than the former distinction is emphasized in this study. Oblique grammatical functions are typically more tightly tied to specific semantic roles than are the core grammatical relations. In the case of the adjuncts and p-complements, the np-marker of the oblique grammatical function speci- fies the semantic role to a considerable degree independently of the verb, while the p-object markers are also more tightly tied to given semantic roles than are subject or object. Objects, for example, can be Themes or Recipients, while with-objects can be Themes but not Recipients, and to-objects can be Recip- ients but not Themes. To get a better sense of the nature of the core/oblique distinction, we will next examine obliques in Warlpiri, a language where the 11 The terms ‘p-object’ and ‘p-complement’ are borrowed from Bresnan (1982); see Bresnan (2001:275–80)) for more recent discussion. The major functions of the noun phrase 161 Table 3.1 Warlpiri cases Local semantic Non-local semantic Locative (‘at’): -rla/-ngka Instrumental: -rlu/-ngku Allative (‘to’): -kurra Causal: -jangka Elative (‘from): -ngurlu Considerative: -wana-wana Perlative (‘along’): -wana Comitative (‘with’): -rlajinta Derivational Syntactic Associative -warnu Ergative: -rlu-ngku Excessive -panu Dative: -ku Denizen of -ngawurrpa Absolutive: - Like -piya Possessive -kurlangu Privative (‘without’) -wangu Proprietive (‘having’) -kurlu, -pamta, -manji Source -jangka core/oblique distinction does not correspond to that between morphologically marked and unmarked np. 2.3.2 Obliques in Warlpiri Warlpiri cases (np-markers) can be divided into two main groups: the ‘syntactic’ cases (ergative, dative and absolutive) and the ‘semantic’ cases (all the rest). The latter can be further divided into three subgroups: local semantic, non-local semantic, and ‘derivational’ semantic. The syntactic cases code core functions, which will be reviewed for Warlpiri in section 3, comprising all core nps and some obliques. The local and non- local semantic cases express oblique functions, with the local semantic cases expressing primarily spatial notions, the non-local cases non-spatial ones (the local cases also have some non-spatial uses). The ‘derivational’ cases seem for the most part to form modifiers of nps rather than arguments or adjuncts of the verb, and are therefore largely beyond the scope of this chapter. Table 3.1 presents some of the most important cases. The listing for the non-local semantic cases is incomplete, since the boundary of this category is unclear. The endings -ngka (loc) and -ngku (erg/instr) are used after stems with two syllables, -rla (loc) and -rlu (erg/instr) after stems with three or more. Furthermore, the form of some of these endings is affected by a vowel harmony rule converting u to i after stems in i, so that we get maliki-ki ‘dog-dat’, Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling