Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
participant is foremost. So, for a sentence like
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
participant is foremost. So, for a sentence like (63) John sprayed the wall with paint [ +a] [ −a] [ ] we have the following linking lexical semantic structure: spray John cause paint to move to be at the wall [ + A ] [ ] [ – A ] argument structure: spray whereas for (64) John sprayed paint on the wall we find the following linking pattern: lexical semantic structure: spray John causes paint to move to be at the wall [ + A ] [ – A ] [ ] argument structure: spray As we can see, the nature of argument structure and the precedence rela- tions among the arguments is normally very simple to determine via the linking algorithm of [ +a] > [−a] > [ ]. The only area of potential difficulty is that of true ditransitive verbs which assign two [ −a] features. What are the prece- dence relations, if any, between these two? Basically there are two possibilities: A typology of information packaging 385 the two nps are treated identically (symmetrical languages) or they are treated differently (asymmetrical languages), with the recipient participant always out- ranking the object transferred. Bantu languages exhibit significant variation in this area (see Alsina (1993) for a full discussion of the range of possibilities for this parameter in Bantu languages). Differences of animacy between the two [ −a] nps often have important effects on whether they behave symmet- rically or asymmetrically: when both nps denote animate or, even more so, human beings, they are highly likely to demonstrate symmetrical behaviour, as in Shona (Hawkinson and Hyman (1974)). KiHaya, for example, is a com- pletely symmetrical language as examples (52–4) demonstrate: both [ −a] nps of ha- ‘give’ behave identically with regard to a number of morphological and syntactic properties. Chi-Mwi ·ni (examples (55–6)), on the other hand, is an asymmetrical language – only the recipient of ditransitive ‘give’ is accessible to many grammatical possibilities, such as (Kisseberth and Abasheikh (1977)): (65) verb agreement (same as 55) (a) ni-m-pe˜le Ja ·ma kuj´a 1sg.subj-3sg [ −a]-give pn food ‘I gave Jama food’ (b) *ni-’i-pe˜le Ja ·ma kuj´a 1sg.subj-3sg [ −a]-give pn food (The contrast in prefixes m- and ’i- represents a difference in gender for the two nouns.) (66) immediate placement after the verb (a) ni-m-pe˜le Ja ·ma kuj´a 1sg.subj-3sg [ −a]-give pn food ‘I gave Jama food’ (b) *ni-m-pe˜le kuj´a Ja ·ma 1sg.subj-3sg[ −a]-give food pn (67) function as subject of the corresponding passive (a) Ja ·ma -pela: kuj´a na: mi pn 3sg.subj-give.pass food by 1sg ‘Jama was given food by me’ (b) *kuj´a i-pela Ja ·ma na: mi food 3sg.subj-give.pass pn by 1sg ‘Food was given by me to Jama’ As we have defined it, argument structure is simply a listing of the number of a predicate’s arguments with their precedence relations established by the 386 William A. Foley algorithm [ +a] > [−a] > [ ]. Describing things in these terms entails that, for a ditransitive verb and for a canonical transitive verb (see chapter 3 by Andrews) the most prominent argument will necessarily be the [ +a] participant, but for intransitive verbs it can either be a [ +a] or [−a], depending on whether the verb is unergative or unaccusative, respectively. Just what grammatical constructions are sensitive to this notion of argument structure? When we look at the languages of the world we find that there are very many. In many languages, verb agreement will directly reflect the precedence relations of argument structure, so that the sole argument of an intransitive verb, regardless of whether it is [ +a] or [−a], has the same morphological agreement form as the [ +a] of a transitive verb, as in Iatmul of New Guinea (Staalsen (1972)): (68) (a) nt w y -nt [ +a] unergative man go-3sg.masc ‘The man went’ (b) nt w k ya-nt [ −a] unaccusative man die-3sg.masc ‘The man died’ ↓ ↓ (c) nt w takw ə v -nt man woman see-3sg.masc ‘The man saw the woman’ The verbal suffix -nt agrees with the [ +a] np nt Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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