Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
w ‘men’ in (68c); agreement
with the [ −a] np takw ə ‘woman’ is not possible. If the feminine agreement suffix for third person, -l , were found on the verb, the sentence would have to mean ‘the woman saw the man’; clearly the pronominal agreement is always with the [ +a] participant of a transitive verb. The same agreement suffix -nt is also found in (68a, b). The verb of (68a) is unergative, so again agreement is with a [ +a] participant, but that of (68b) is unaccusative with a [−a] argument. Still the agreement is -nt (3sg.masc). The reason is that agreement in this language, unlike languages like Acehnese, is controlled by argument structure prominence. Because k ya- ‘die’ is an intransitive verb, its most prominent argu- ment (its sole argument) is a [ −a], which thereby gets the same agreement forms as the highest ranked [ +a] np of unergative or transitive verbs. In unergative– unaccusative languages like Acehnese, on the other hand, verb agreement is not controlled by argument structure, but by the semantic parameters of perspective choice, [ +a] or [−a], so that there are distinct sets of agreement clitics of [+a] and [ −a] participants. Nor is verb agreement the only grammatical construction controlled by argument structure prominence in Iatmul. Iatmul, like most Papuan languages (Foley (1986)), has a pervasive construction called clause chaining, in which A typology of information packaging 387 morphologically stripped-down verbs with their associated arguments follow one after another in a sentence until a final fully inflected verb, as in this example: (69) ŋ k ə y- ə t y -k ə waal ə kl ə -laa y ə -k y ə -nt house-all go-dep dog get-dep come-fut-3sg.masc ‘He will come after he has gone to the house and gotten the dog’ Crucially, such clause chaining patterns in Iatmul can only be formed when the most prominent participant in the argument structure of each verb is shared, be it [ +a] or [−a]: (70) (a) v -laa y ə -nt see-dep come-3sg.masc ‘He saw it and came’ (b) v -laa k ya-nt see-dep die-3sg.masc ‘He saw it and died’ The verb v - ‘see’ is transitive in Iatmul, with two arguments, a [ +a] and [−a] (71) v - ‘see’ someone sees someone/something [ + A ] [ – A ] < x, y> v - while y ə - ‘come’ and k ya- ‘die’ are unergative and unaccusative intransitive verbs, respectively: (72) y - ‘come’ someone moves to a place k ya- ‘die’ someone becomes dead [ + A ] [ – A ] y - k ya- ə ə Crucially, regardless of the [a] feature difference of the single arguments of y ə - ‘come’ and k ya- ‘die’, clause chaining constructions are permissible with them as long as coreference between them and the most prominent argument of the other verb obtains: 388 William A. Foley (73) (a) = (70a) [ + A ] [ – A ] [ + A ] v - ‘see’ 3 SG.MASC 3 SG.MASC clause chaining OK y - ‘come’ ə (b) = (70b) v - ‘see’ [ + A ] [ – A ] [ – A ] k ya - ‘die’ 3 SG.MASC 3 SG.MASC clause chaining OK Patterns like Iatmal are not unique. Many languages have systems of clause linkage which are sensitive to coreference of the most prominent arguments in the linked verbs’ argument structures. Control, in which the reference of a missing np( ) in a nonfinite clause is determined by an argument in the main finite clause, is in many languages typically a property of argument structure, namely the controlled np is the most prominent np in the argument structure of its governing verb. We see this in Yimas: (74) ↓ ↓ (a) [ yampara-tu-wampu ŋ ] na-na-t-n stand.up-nfn-desire 3sg.s-prog-feel-pres ‘He feels like standing’ ↓ ↓ (b) [ mal-cu-wampu ŋ ] na-na-t-n die-nfn-desire 3sg.s-prog-feel-pres ‘He feels like dying’ ↓ ↓ (c) [ tpuk am-tu-wampu ŋ ] na-na-t-n sago eat-nfn-desire 3sg.s-prog-feel-pres ‘He feels like eating sago’ In (74) the nonfinite forms are complements of the verb t- ‘feel’ marked with the complementizer wampu ŋ - ‘heart, desire’. In all cases the highest argument of the argument structure of the complement is controlled by na- 3sg.s, the [ −a] Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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