Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
participants are necessarily case-marked with the oblique case suffix -
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
participants are necessarily case-marked with the oblique case suffix - n ∼ -nan and never permitted to exhibit verbal pronominal agreement. Core [ −oblique] grammatical functions, whether [ +a] or [−a], may never be case marked at all and typically exhibit verb agreement. Beyond that, core arguments show little in the way of systematic patterns of contrast in syntactic behaviour so as to estab- lish a pivot notion in the language. We seem to be on safe ground in concluding that the basic organization of grammatical functions in Yimas revolves around the features [ ±oblique], and that [±pivot] is not employed in the language. We may also like to propose that Yimas is hardly unique; a careful study of the syntactic structure of languages will probably demonstrate numerous examples of the Yimas pattern. 2.3 A typology of pivots Languages can differ as to their basic choice of pivot. In English, as we saw above, the basic choice of pivot for a canonical transitive or ditransitive verb is [ +a] (see chapter 3 by Andrews). With intransitive verbs, of course, the choice is necessarily the single argument, so the choice for English could be summarized as: (87) [ + A ] V TRANS [ – A ] [ ± A ] V INTR [ + pivot] [ – pivot] Note that the [ +pivot] [−pivot] contrast here is basically the same as the English pronominal case-marking system: (88) I followed him [ + A ] [ – A ] I ran [ + A ] I fell [ – A ] Nominative Accusative A typology of information packaging 395 English has a single case form, the nominative, which marks the [ +a] argu- ment of transitive verbs, the [ +a] argument of intransitive unergative verbs and the [ −a] argument of intransitive unaccusative verbs, and contrasts this with an accusative case which marks the [ −a] argument of transitive verbs. Nom- inative case is the case of the [ +pivot] [−oblique] argument, and accusative the case of the [ −pivot] [−oblique] argument (also the oblique nps, as com- plements of their governing prepositions: we left with him). We may suc- cinctly describe the pivot structure of English as nominative–accusative. As we have seen, English does possess constructions, namely passives, which do present [ −a] arguments of basic transitive verbs as the pivot and hence in the nominative, but crucially such structures are intransitive and there- fore are essentially just intransitive unaccusative verbs. Their intransitivity is clearly demonstrated by the fact that no [ +a] argument is necessary in passive constructions: (89) I was followed/kissed/hit/seen [ – A ] [ + pivot] NOM Other languages with nominative pivot choices ([ +a] for transitive verbs and [ ±a] for intransitive verbs) include German (Foley and Van Valin 1984), French, Italian, and possibly many Bantu languages like Chichˆewa and Swahili. There are, however, two other systems of pivot choices. One of these is the mirror image of the English system. As illustrated in (88), English pronominal case marking is nominative–accusative, contrasting a case for the [ +a] argument of a transitive verb and the single [±a] argument of an intransitive verb (nominative) with that of the [ −a] argument of a transitive verb (accusative). Many languages have a case-marking system which con- trasts the [ −a] argument of a transitive verb and the [±a] argument of an intransitive verb against the [ +a] argument of a transitive verb. Such sys- tems are called ergative–absolutive case-marking systems and can be illus- trated with these examples from the Australian language Dyirbal (Dixon (1972)): 396 William A. Foley (90) balan bani- u DET.ABS woman. ABS come- TNS [ + A ] ‘The woman came’ balan dugumbil dugumbil badi- u DET.ABS woman. ABS fall- TNS [ – A ] ‘The woman fell’ balan ba gul ya a- balga-n DET.ABS woman. ABS DET.ERG man- ERG hit- TNS [ – A ] [ + A ] ‘The man hit the woman’ ABS olutive ERG ative (a) (b) (c) gu dugumbil Unlike many Australian languages which are pivotless, Dyirbal does have a pivot, but one that is the opposite choice to English and parallels its ergative– absolutive case-marking system: the basic pivot of a transitive verb in Dyirbal is the [ −a] argument or the absolutive np, so Dyirbal absolutive case is [+pivot], [ −oblique], while ergative is [−pivot], [−oblique]. Parallel to English passive, Dyirbal also possesses a construction, called the antipassive, which allows the [ +a] argument of a transitive verb to assume the [+pivot] feature, but again this is an intransitive construction, this time unergative, not requiring a [ −a] Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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