Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
A little old man is the topic of this sentence, but, as it initiates a discourse, it is
obviously not presupposed, given information, but new. Besides given versus new, nps may bear other kinds of information statuses, depending on the speaker’s view of her addressee’s current knowledge. An np is referential if the speaker intends that it refer to a particular entity in the world. For example, if someone rings me up and asks me what are you doing? and I respond I’m looking for a snake, the np a snake could be either referential or nonreferential. If I have a particular snake in mind, say, my pet diamond python, then a snake would be referential, as in (118) I’m looking for a snake. Carbon escaped from his cage where Carbon is the pet diamond python’s name. If, on the other hand, I’m lonely and just want a pet snake, then a snake would be nonreferential, as in: (119) I’m looking for a snake for a pet; what kinds do you sell? A typology of information packaging 411 Pronouns are typically referential, but at least two in English, you and it, have common nonreferential uses: (120) (a) You pay your money and you take your chances (b) It seems to me that you’ve rather overspent your account The information status of nps can further be classified as ‘definite’ or ‘indefi- nite’. An np is definite when the speaker presupposes the addressee can uniquely identify its referent from the universe of discourse; otherwise it is indefinite. So if I come up to you and announce Egbert bought the snake, the definite article the indicates that I am presupposing you know which snake I am talking about. If you do not, you would probably come back with a request for additional infor- mation to help you identify the referent of the snake, such as which snake? On the other hand, if I believed that you had no knowledge of the particular snake, I would have initiated the conversation with the np indicated as indefinite: Hey, Egbert just bought a snake! Note that definite nps are always presupposed, but the converse does not hold: if the referent of an np is known to the speaker, but not the addressee, it could be claimed to be presupposed in the universe of the ongoing discourse, but is clearly indefinite. Topic nps as typically presupposed and given are closely correlated with definiteness, and because pivot selection is largely equivalent to topic choice in English, indefinite pivots in English (and many other languages) are sometimes impossible: (121) TOPIC John COMMENT has a new camera FOCUS PRESUPPOSED TOPIC COMMENT The/*a new camera is John’s FOCUS PRESUPPOSED (a) (b) The variant with the indefinite np as pivot is ungrammatical. Personal pronouns like I, you and she, and proper nouns like Hasan, Egbert and Australia, are usually definite; they refer to entities which the speaker pre- supposes the addressee can uniquely identify. There can be exceptions, however; for example, when two people are looking over a map and one says to the other: (122) Hey, Fred, I found an Athens in Georgia! Here, Athens, although a proper noun, is indefinite, because the speaker assumes the listener does not have this particular Athens in mind. 412 William A. Foley The distinction between definiteness and indefiniteness interacts with the previous two distinctions discussed. Definite nouns are presupposed and hence typically given information. They can be new, however, as in: (123) Hey, get up! The sun has already come up! Here Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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