Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
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Applicative constructions In many ways applicatives are mirror images of the passive and antipas- sive constructions we have been discussing in the previous sections. Whereas passives and antipassives block erstwhile [ −oblique] [+a] and [−a] argu- ments from being assigned [ −oblique] status, relegating them to [+oblique], applicative constructions do the opposite: they take erstwhile [ +oblique] np s like recipients, benefactives, instruments, locationals or comitatives and make them [ −oblique] [−a] arguments of the verb. Applicatives are found 438 William A. Foley Table 7.3 Summary of antipassive constructions pivotless languages: Bandjalang [ – A ] suppressed Backgrounding antipassives pivot languages: Mam Dyirbal -riy [ – A ] = [+oblique]/ φ pivotless languages: Kabardian [ – A ] overt pivot languages: Mam Chukchee Chamorro Foregrounding antipassives [ + A ] = [+pivot] pivot languages: Mam Dyirbal - ay in languages of all typologies, pivotless, symmetrical, and asymmetrical, of either the nominative–accusative or ergative–absolutive variety. Morphologi- cally elaborate pivotless languages like Yimas are often especially rich in applicative derivations. Like passive and antipassive, applicative formation is a lexical process of derivation, marked by affixation to the verb or ver- bal complex, but instead of denuding a verb of a [ −oblique] argument, it adds another one not specifically subcategorized by the verb. This is easiest to see with an illustration; consider (174) with the Yimas intransitive verb wa- ‘go’: (174) Yakayapan na-nampan pu-na-wa-n pn 3sg-toward 3pl[ +a]-def-go-pres ‘They are going toward Yakayapan’ The intransitive verb wa- ‘go’ has a sole [ −oblique] argument, a [+a], realized through the pronominal prefix pu- 3pl s. The clause also has a [ +oblique] adjunct, Yakayapan, marked as oblique by the postposition nampan ‘toward’. There is an alternative way to express the conceptual event described by (174), and this is through the use of the allative applicative prefix ira- ‘toward’. This A typology of information packaging 439 is a process of lexical derivation by which this prefix is added to the intransitive verb wa- ‘go’ to derive the now transitive verb ira-wa- ‘go toward’: (175) na-mpu-na- ira-wa-n Yakayapan 3sg[ −a]-3pl[+a]-prog-all-go-pres pn ‘They are going toward Yakayapan’ That the derived verb ira-wa- ‘go toward’ is now fully transitive is demonstrated by the presence of two pronominal prefixes on the verb: na- (3sg) for the [ −a] argument and mpu- (3pl) for the [ +a]. The participant Yakayapan which was [ +oblique] in (174), governed by the postposition nampan, is now [−oblique] and realized as a verbal pronominal affix. This is the basis of applicative con- structions: [ +oblique] participants become [−oblique] and [−a] through a pro- cess of lexical derivation of the verb. Applicative formation is also available to transitive verbs, in Yimas and other languages. Example (176a) is a sentence with a transitive verb and a [ +oblique] adjunct; (176b) is its applicative counterpart: (176) (a) mpu-nampan ŋ arwa wa-n-wampak- cut 3pl-toward penis.ix.sg ix.sg[ −a]-3sg[+a]-throw-rem.past ‘He sent his penis to them’ (b) ŋ arwa wa-n- ira-wampak- cuk-mpun penis.ix.sg ix.sg[ −a]-3sg[+a]-all-throw-rem.past-3pl[−a] ‘He sent them his penis’ The derived applicative verb in (176b) Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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