Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
Avery D. Andrews
b. Nyuntu ka-npa purla-mi you(sg.abs) pres-2sg(subj) shout-nonpast ‘you are shouting’ c. Ngajulu-rlu ka-rna yankirri wajilipi-nyi I-erg pres -1sg(subj) emu(abs) chase-nonpast ‘I am chasing an emu’ The object markers cross-reference nps with p function, which are absolutive, and also nps in the dative case. Examples of absolutive object cross-referencing are: (51) a. Ngarrka-ngku ka-ju ngaju panti-rni man-erg pres -1sg(obj) I(abs) spear-nonpast ‘The man is spearing me’ b. Ngaju ka-npa-ju nyuntulu-rlu nya-nyi me(abs) pres-2sg(subj)-1sg(obj) you-erg see-nonpast ‘You see me’ c. Ngajulu-rlu ka-rna-ngku nyuntu nya-nyi I-erg pres -1sg(subj)-2sg(obj) you(sg.abs) see-nonpast ‘I see you’ Dative objects are cross-referenced by the same markers as are used for abso- lutives, except in the third person singular where -rla is used instead of zero. Dative objects will be discussed in 3.2.2 There are various additional principles which determine the form of cross- referencing in examples more complex than these (such as those involving plurals). These are described in great detail in Hale (1973), and needn’t be considered here. But these complications do not alter the basic point that the systems of np-marking and cross-referencing give conflicting testimony as to what the basic grammatical relations of a, s and p are. Therefore, coding features do not always provide consistent indications for grammatical relations. Does this mean that the grammatical relations are present, but coded inconsistently, or simply absent from the languages in question? The situation for each language should be decided on its merits. For some languages, reasonable cases have been made that grammatical rela- tions such as subject and object are absent (Bhat (1991)), but in others, such as Warlpiri, other aspects of grammatical behaviour seem to indicate that they are present. 3.1.3 Subject ellipsis Perhaps the commonest property of subjects that is useful for identifying them is their tendency to be optionally or obliga- torily ellipsed in various kinds of grammmatical constructions, especially The major functions of the noun phrase 169 multi-clause sentence structures. A highly typical example from English is provided by adverbial clauses introduced by the conjunction while. These clauses take two forms. In one, while is followed by an ordinary clause structure with a subject and a tensed verb. In the other, the subject is omitted and the verb put in the (gerund) -ing form, which does not show agreement: (52) a. The student watched the guard while he killed the prisoner b. The student watched the guard while killing the prisoner When the verb is tensed, the subject must be included; when the verb is in the -ing (gerund) form, its subject must be omitted, but is understood as being the same as the subject of the main clause: (53) a. *The student watched the guard while killed the prisoner. b. *The student watched the guard while he/his/him killing the prisoner Omission of a non-subject np will not satisfy the requirement, as the reader can easily verify. The subject relation thus functions in the principles governing the form of while-constructions. It is also involved in a principle governing their interpretation. In (52a) we could understand the while-clause subject as referring to the guard, the stu- dent, or some third person. In the absence of wider context, we tend to inter- pret it as referring to some np within the sentence, and from our knowledge of the world we tend to assume that it refers to the guard rather than to the student. But the interpretation of (52b) is not so free. Here we would normally under- stand the student rather than the guard to be killing the prisoner, in spite of the oddity of this situation. There seems to be a principle to the effect that a Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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