Lecture 6 problems of translation proverbs and sayings

Lecture 6 problems of translation proverbs and sayings
The last position is proved by the possibility of semantic rephrasing of the report of the source language text in the report of translation that exposes the commonness of the basic semes. Saving the method of description of situation implies pointing on the same situation, and identification of the described situations supposes that the purpose of communication of the original text is achieved by this.
For the second type of equivalence the identification in the original text and its translation of one and the same situation at the change of method of its description is typical. The universal character of relations between a language and extralinguistic reality serves the basis of semantic identification of different language texts. The second type of equivalence is presented by translations the semantic closeness of which to the source language text is not also based on the commonness of meanings of the used language devices. In similar utterances the most of words and syntactic structures of the original text do not find the direct correspondences in the text of translation.
In the second type of equivalence the general part of the content of the source language text and its translation does not only pass the identical purpose of communication but also reflect one and the same extralinguistic situation, i.e. the aggregate of objects and connections between objects described in the utterance. Any text contains information about something and is correlated with some real or imaginary situation. The communicative function of the text cannot be carried out differently as by means of the situation oriented to the report.
At such level of equivalence translations are accomplished when the more detailed reproduction of the content is impossible and also when such reproduction will lead a receptor of translation to the wrong conclusions, will cause quite the other associations than at the receptor of the original text, and, thus, will prevent the correct transmission of the purpose of communication.
The more complete reproduction of the content of the source language text does not mean the transmission of all the semantic elements of the original text. Saving the pointing on the identical situation is accompanied by considerable structural and semantic divergences with the source language text in translations of this type. One and the same situation can be described through different combinations of features peculiar to it. The possibility and necessity of identification of the situations described from different sides is the result of this. The sets of utterances, which are perceived by the native language speakers as synonymous ones, appear in a language, in spite of the complete lack of coincidence of their language devices. People are able to realize the identity of the situations described in different ways completely.
2) Impossibility to link a vocabulary and structure of the source language text and its translation by the relations of the semantic rephrasing or syntactic transformation.
3) Saving the purpose of communication in translation.
4) Saving the pointing on the same situation in translation.
The comparison of the source language text and its translation of this type is characterized by the following features:
1) The absence of parallelism of lexical composition and syntactic structure.
2) The impossibility to link the structure of the source language text and the target language one by the relations of syntactic transformation.
3) Saving the purpose of communication and identification of the situation in translation that is the same in the source language text.
4) Saving the common notions by which the description of situation in the source language text is accomplished in translation.
The commonness of the basic concepts means saving the structure of a report, when one and the same signs are chosen for description of the situation in the source language text and the target language one. If in the previous types of equivalence the information related to what the content of the source language text is reported for and what is reported about in translation, then what is reported in the source language text is passed, i.e. what side of the described situation makes the object of communication.
In the fourth type of equivalence in the rank with three components of the content, which are saved in the third type, the considerable part of the meanings of the syntactic structures of the original text is reproduced in translation. The structural organization of the source language text gives the definite information included in the common content of the text translated. The syntactic structure of the utterance conditions the possibility of using the words of definite type in a definite sequence in it and with definite connections between separate words, and also greatly determines that part of the content, which comes forward on the first place in the act of communication. Therefore, the maximally possible saving of the syntactic organization of the source language text during translation promotes more complete reproduction of the content of the original text. Moreover, the syntactic parallelism of the source language text and its translation gives a basis for correlation of the separate elements of these texts. The use of the analogous syntactic structures provides the invariance of syntactic meanings of the source language text and the target language one in translation.
Thus, the relations between the source language text and its translations of the fourth type of equivalence are characterized by the following features:
1) Considerable and incomplete parallelism of lexical composition for the most words of the original text when it is possible to find the proper words with close content in translation.
2) The use of syntactic structures similar to the structures of the original text related to them by the relations of the syntactic varying that provides the maximally possible transmission of the meaning of the syntactic structures of the source language text in translation.
3) Saving the purpose of communication, pointing on a situation and method of its description in translation.