- An allophone can therefore be defined as one realisation of a phoneme among others. Like phones, allophones are enclosed within square brackets, [ ], because they represent a concrete utterance. The terms phone and allophone, then, pertain to phonetics because they are related to parole or performance, and the term phoneme pertains to phonology because it is related to langue or competence.
Allophonic Variations of English Consonant Phonemes - The term ╅allophone╆ was coined by Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s. In doing so, he placed a cornerstone in consolidating early phoneme theory. The term was popularised by G. L. Trager and Bernard Bloch in a 1941 paper on English phonology and went on to become part of standard usage within the American structuralist tradition.
- It has often been observed that languages do not allow phonemes to appear in any order. A native speaker of English can figure out fairly easily that the sequence of phonemes /streks/ makes an English word ('strengths'), that the sequence /bled/ would be acceptable as an English word 'blage' although that word does not happen to exist, and that the sequence /lvzg/ could not possibly be an English word. Knowledge of such facts is important in phonotactics, the study of sound sequences.
Allophonic Variations of English Consonant Phonemes - In order to separate the two meanings of the word language the system). Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) proposed the French terms: Parole to refer to actual language use (i.e. to concrete utterances). Langue for a speech community's shared knowledge of a language.
Allophonic Variations of English Consonant Phonemes - A similar dichotomy was put forward by the American linguist Noam Chomsky (b. 1928), who used the terms performance and competence to refer to largely the same concepts. Chomsky, however, put more emphasis on the individual nature of language. Performance, then, is the actual language use of an individual speaker, and competence is that individual speaker's knowledge of the language. Chomsky later replaced these terms with E(xternalised)- language and I(nternalised)-language, but the new terms are rarely used.
Reference - Roach, Peter. 2002. Little Encyclopaedia of Phonetics. http://www.personal.reading.ac.uk/~llsroach/peter/
- Skandera, Paul & Burleigh, Peter. 2005. A Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology - Twelve Lessons with an Integrated Course in Phonetic Transcription. Gunter Narr Verlag Tübingen.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone
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