- III. According to which passive organs of speech are involved in the articulation we distinguish:
- 1) dental (pre-dental, inter-dental and post-dental);
- 2) alveolar;
- 3) palatal;
- 4) velar (if the velum is passive).
- It is more logical, however, to describe consonants from the point of view of the articulating organ for three reasons:
- 1) because it is the articulating organ that performs some kind of work;
- 2) Because the passive organ on the whole is determined by the active organ, since each articulating organ is usually brought into contact with a certain specific passive organ.
3. The Acoustic Classification of English Consonants - The acoustic character of a consonant is conditioned by its articulation.
- Plosives and affricates (e.g. /t, d, t, ʤ/) differ from fricatives (e.g. /f, v/) mainly in that part of their spectra which corresponds to the articulatory “stop”. A plosive is characterized by the absence of noise in part of the spectrum. The plosion is marked by a burst of noise, i.e. the formant of noise appears.
- Fricatives are characterized by the presence of a noise formant throughout the spectrum.
- Hence plosives and affricates are classed as discontinuous and fricatives as continuant.
3.The Acoustic Classification of English Consonants Labial Consonants - bilabial articulated with both lips – [w], [m], [p], [b]
- labiodental articulated with the lower lip and upper teeth – [f], [v].
Lingual Consonants -Forelingual consonants: - interdental (predorsal dental) – [θ], [ð] (the tongue’s front surface forms a partial occlusion with the upper teeth);
- apical alveolar – [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [t∫], [dʒ] (the front edge rises to the alveolar ridge);
- cacuminal post-alveolar – [r] (the front edge is raised and a little bent to the alveolar back slope).
- In mediolingual consonants an occlusion is formed by raising the middle part to the hard palate. Such is articulating the only English dorsal palatal [j] sound.
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