Paradigmatic and syntagmatic deviations.
Paradigmatic figures give the writer a choice from equivalent items: inches/feet/yard + away, e. g. He was standing only a few feet away.
Paradigmatic deviation in literary and poetic language: farmyards away, a grief ago, all sun long.
Personification: grammatical oppositions of personal/impersonal; animate/inanimate; concrete/abstract: As Connie had said, she handled just like any other aeroplane, except that she had better manners than most. (Shute).
Syntagmatic deviant features result from the opposite: the author imposes the same kind of choice in the same place: “Robert turned over a hoop in a circle” /“Robert Rowley rolled a round roll round”.
I. R. Galperln’s classification of expressive means and stylistic devices
1. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
2. Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices.
3. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices.
1. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices:
1) onomatopoeia (direct and indirect): ding-dong; silver bells... tinkle, tinkle;
direct – is contained in words that imitate natural sounds: cuckoo, buzz, tintinabulation, mew.
Indirect – a combination of sounds the aim of which is to make the sound of the utterance an echo of its sense: “And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain” (E. Poe)
2) alliteration - is a phonetic SD which aims at imparting a melodic effect to the utterance(initial rhyme): to rob Peter to pay Paul; Deep in the darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before (E. Poe)
3) rhyme – is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combinations of words. (full, incomplete, compound or broken, eye rhyme, internal rhyme. Also, stanza rhymes: couplets, triple, cross, framing/ring);
The full rhyme presupposes identity of the vowel sound and the following consonant sounds in a stressed syllable, as in might, right; needless, heedless.
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