Lecture the word and its meaning

YI. Abbreviations.

Abbreviations are words formed by initial letters of some other words. Depending on the way they are read abbreviations are divided into:

a) those preserving alphabetical reading, e.g. BBC, SOS, TV;
b) acronyms read as though they were ordinary English words, e.g. UNO, NATO, NOW.
A specific group is represented by Latin abbreviations which may be read:
a) alphabetically, e.g. a.m., p.m.
b) as corresponding Latin words, e.g.- exampli gratia, p.m. – post meridium, a.m.- ante
meridium.
c) as corresponding English words, e.g.- for example, a.m. – in the morning, p.m.- in the
afternoon.


YII. Minor types of word-building.

1.Sound interchange.

It is a way of forming new words by changing some sound(s) in the root, e.g. food: feed, life: live, speak: speech. It can be combined with affixation, e.g. strong: strength or with affixation and shift of stress, e.g. democrat: democracy.
2.Distinctive stress.
It is a way of coining new words by changing the place of stress, e.g. import (n, v), conduct (n, v), research (n, v in AmE).
3.Sound imitation.
It is a way of forming new words by imitating sounds associated with the objects or actions the words denote, e.g. to splash, to giggle, to buzz, whisper, cuckoo, etc.
4.Back formation.
It is a way of coining new words by cutting a supposed or real suffix from existing words, e.g. to butle (from butler), to beg (from beggar), to housekeep (from house-keeper), etc.


LECTURE 6.
LEXICAL SYSTEMS. HOMONYMS. SYNONYMS. ANTONYMS.
OUTLINE.

1. 
   Definition of homonyms. Classification of homonyms.
   
2. 
   Sources of homonymy.
   
3. 
   Definition of synonyms. Classification of synonyms.
   
4. 
   Sources of synonymy.
   
5. 
   Antonyms and their classification.