Located on the western coast of

Transport and energy

Main articles: Transport in Russia and Energy in Russia
The Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to Vladivostok.^[367]
Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's third-longest, and exceeds 87,000 km (54,100 mi).^[368] As of 2016, Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with 1.5 million km of roads,^[369] while its road density is among the world's lowest.^[370] Russia's inland waterways are the world's longest, and total 102,000 km (63,380 mi).^[371] Among Russia's 1,218 airports,^[372] the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea.^[373]
Russia was widely described as an energy superpower.^[374] It has the world's largest proven gas reserves,^[375] the second-largest coal reserves,^[376] the eighth-largest oil reserves,^[377] and the largest oil shale reserves in Europe.^[378] Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter,^[379] the second-largest natural gas producer,^[380] and the second-largest oil producer and exporter.^[381][382] Russia's oil and gas production led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states.^[383][384] For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total European Union (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.^[384]
In the mid-2000s, the share of the oil and gas sector in GDP was around 20%, and in 2013 it was 20–21% of GDP.^[385] The share of oil and gas in Russia's exports (about 50%) and federal budget revenues (about 50%) is large, and the dynamics of Russia's GDP are highly dependent on oil and gas prices,^[386] but the share in GDP is much less than 50%. According to the first such comprehensive assessment published by the Russian statistics agency Rosstat in 2021, the maximum total share of the oil and gas sector in Russia's GDP, including extraction, refining, transport, sale of oil and gas, all goods and services used, and all supporting activities, amounts to 19.2% in 2019 and 15.2% in 2020. This is comparable to the share of GDP in Norway and Kazakhstan. It is much lower than the share of GDP in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.^{[387][388][389][390][391]}
Russia ratified the Paris Agreement in 2019.^[392] Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest.^[393] Russia is the world's fourth-largest electricity producer.^[394] It was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's first nuclear power plant.^[395] Russia was also the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer in 2019,^[396] and was the fifth-largest hydroelectric producer in 2021.^[397]