M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
Summary :
Saussure made distinction between two aspects of language i.e. Langue and Parole. Langue refers to abstract linguistic system which is shared by all the members of a speech community and it underlies the actual utterances of individuals. It is not 56 actually spoken by anyone. It is the generalized rules of language. On the other hand Parole is actualized language. It is the realization of langue in speech which is idiosyncratic and specific to the situation in which it occurs. If we compare Langue with Parole; Langue is stable and systematic, whereas Parole is unstable. Each Parole act is unique event and it is subject to a wide range of personal and situational constraints. Similar kind of distinction is made by Noam Chomsky and his followers : Competence and performance. Competence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of rules of grammar while performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances and it involves a variety of psychological and physical factors. There is difference between the concept of Langue and Competence. For Saussure Langue is a social product ...... a collection of necessary conventions that have been opted by a social body, whereas for Chomsky competence is a property of the mind of the individual which is developed as part of his maturation. For both Saussure and Chomsky, the proper objectives of the linguistic study of language is the characterization of the regular rules of grammar and not a description of the idiosyncratic utterances produced by speakers of a language. Saussure thinks of speech as a heterogenous mass of confused facts and therefore not suitable for systematic enquiry. So he intended to abstract Langue from the instances of Parole that have regularity. He made it the subject of Linguistics. But many Linguistic today do not agree with this. The British Linguists J. R. Firth, influenced by Malinowsky’s study of the relationship between language and social context and rejected the static structural formalism. Firth believed that such formalism was resulted from Saussure’s strict Langue Parole distinction. Firth says that linguists should study how language is used in social interaction and how it changes according to its social function. Similarly Chomsky’s notions of competence and performance are under a criticism as his idea is of linguistic competence. It should be supplemented with the concept of communicative competence. It is a matter of communicative competence to be able to produce coherent discourse which is situationally relevant, and to use langauge appropriately for the performance of a variety of ‘Semiotic acts’ (language use) such as asking questions, giving direction, making promises, predictions, making statements, giving orders and so on. |
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