M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
(a)
Lexical Meaning : It pays attention to meaning conveyed by individual words. The major part of the meaning of what we say or write is located in words. This type of meaning is termed as lexical meaning. It can be understood as the direct meaning that is conveyed through words. For example, the words 'walk', 'stroll', 'wade' and 'tiptoe' share a common meaning, but each of these words have a different shade of meaning, and so they are different from each other. Therefore, it is believed that in any language we have only partial synonyms, and the concept of 'total' or 'absolute' synonyms does not exist. Semantics studies the meaning conveyed by each word. For example in the sentence, 'My mother was upset when she came to know the truth', if we understand the meaning of every word in the sentence, then we would understand the lexical meaning of the sentence. (b) Grammatical Meaning : Semantics also studies meaning conveyed by the grammatical form and structure. The choice of grammatical items also contributes to the meaning of the sentence. Let us take into consideration the following sentences : 1) Her friend is a doctor. 2) Is her friend a doctor? 64 The first sentence is a statement, whereas the second is a question. The grammatical meaning of these two sentences is different because of the form or structure of the sentence itself. The first sentence states the fact that someone is a doctor, whereas the second one has an element of doubt, or it could e a query in the sense that someone wishes to know whether her friend is a doctor. Thus, the change in the grammatical form of a sentence brings about a change in meaning of the sentence. (c) Intonational Meaning : This type of meaning refers to the meaning conveyed by the choice of the intonation pattern. While speaking, participants in the process of communication raise and lower the pitch of their voice , and change the rhythm. This is technically termed as 'intonation'. In simple terms, if the same expression or sentence is said with a different tone, it conveys a different kind of meaning. For example, if someone says 'Thank you' with a falling tone, this indicates sincere thanks, on the other hand, if someone says it with a rising tone, it indicates mere formality. Unlike Semantics, Pragmatics as a level of linguistic organization deals with situational or contextual meaning. Compared to 'Semantics', pragmatics emerged relatively recently. It is only after 1980's that pragmatics as a level of linguistic analysis developed. It can be said that the study of what is directly said through words, the coded meaning is the concern of semantics, but the study of what is suggested or implied, that is the study of non-coded meaning is the concern of pragmatics. Richards, Platt and Weber (1985) define Semantics as 'a study of meaning'. Palmer (1976) defines it as 'A technical term used to refer to the study of meaning'. Yule (1985) defines semantics as 'the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences'. Download 1.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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