M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd


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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all

Chomsky’s Hierarchy :
It is hierarchy of classes of formal grammars. It imposes logical structure
across, different language classes and provides a basis for understanding the
relationship between grammars. In order to have increasing expressive power, it
includes regular grammers, context free grammars, context-sensitive grammars and
recursively enumerable grammars. Each class is a strict sub-set of the class above.
He have been conferred numerous honorary degress, numerous awards
including the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences, the Helmholtz Medal and the Ben Franklin
Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science.
Chomsky’s contribution has influenced the fields of cognitive science,
philosophy, psychology computer science, mathematics, childhood education and
anthropology.
Recently he wrote : Requiem for the American Dream : The 10 Principles of
Concentration of Wealth and Power.
Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures (1957) is a turning point in the field of linguistics.
His generative grammar proved a departure form structuralistic and behaviouristic
approach. He proposed deep structure and surface structure of sentence. By doing
this he wanted to provide a means of analyzing sentences that account for this
underlying level of structure. To achieve this, Chomsky differentiated between a person’s
knowledge of the rules of a language and the actual use of that language in real situation.
The first he called competence and the second performance.


48
He argued that linguists should be concerned with the study of competence
and not restrict itself to performance. Chomsky wanted to discover the mental realities
underlying the way people use language. Competence is seen as an aspect of the
human general psychological capacity by him.
Competence : In generative Grammar ‘Competence’ is used to refers to person’s
knowledge of his language, the system of rules which a language user has mastered
so that it would be possible for that user to be able to produce and understand an
indefinite number of sentences and recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities.
e.g.
1)
She swimmed in the river.
2)
Flying planes can be dangerous.
In the first sentence there is an error but what kind of error : is it of competence
or performance ?
1)
If you are native speaker of English, you may know how to form past tense of
irregular verbs but in performance you failed. It is accidental error of you is, but if you
are nonproficient speaker of English you may not know the past tense of swim is
swam and commit error. Unless you are corrected, you will do the same.
2)
The second sentence is ambiguious. If you are native speaker of English you
can understand the ambiguity of Flying Planes.

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