M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
(B) The Referential Approach
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
(B)
The Referential Approach : Most people are of the opinion that the meaning of words can be equated with the fact that they name, or refer to, objects in the real world. The meaning of the word is therefore regarded as equivalent to the reference of that word to the external world. The focus of the referential approach is on the relationship between Word and World. This approach is sometimes also referred to as the 'Denotational approach' which emphasizes the link between language and external reality. This approach is also known as the 'analytical' approach. This approach is presented by Saussure. Saussure's theory of meaning is based on speech word relationship. He uses the analogy of a sheet of paper whose one side is sound, the other thought, and therefore thought cannot be divided from sound nor sound from thought. The sound is the 'signifier', the thought is the 'signified' and the thing that is signified is the 'significant'. There is no direct relationship between the word and things they 'stand for', the word 'symbolizes' a 'thought or a reference' which in its turn 'refers' to the features of event we are talking about. 66 The symbol (name or significant) is the phonetic shape of the word, the sounds which make it up and also other acoustic features such as accent. The reference is the information which the name conveys to the hearer, whereas the 'thing' (significant or referred), is the non-linguistic feature or event we are talking about. Therefore, according to the referential definitions, meaning is a reciprocal and reversible relation between name and sense, it can be investigated by starting from either end, but one can start from the name and look for the sense or senses attached to it. Thus, according to this theory there is no direct relationship between words and the things they stand for. Traditionally several problems have been identified with the notion of reference as a way of describing word meaning. For example, there are many words for which reference is not easily established. For example, adjectives like 'beautiful' and 'large'. Compositional meaning, for example, in compound words such as 'laptop' is problematic, as the meaning of the compound cannot be derived from the reference of either a lap or a top, or from a straightforward combination of the references of the two words. The other difficulty is that the same object in the real world, for example, Venus, can be referred to by different expressions which are both meaningful, namely the 'Morning Star' and the 'Evening Star'. According to some experts, this approach has its limitations too. It gives an account of how the word acts on the hearer but it seems to neglect the speaker's point of view. For the hearer, the sequence of events will be different and reverse. For example, when he hears the word 'dog', he will think of a dog and thus understand what the speaker was saying, and this will make him pronounce the word. There is therefore a reciprocal ad reversible relationship between name and sense. Download 1.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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