M. Iriskulov, A. Kuldashev a course in Theoretical English Grammar Tashkent 2008

II. The problem of sentence typology within a cognitive approach. 
The study of the sentence in the traditional linguistics is based on viewing the 
sentence as a predicative unit, sentences are classed in accord with: 
a) the number of predicative lines implicitly or explicitly represented in the 
sentence. (simple, composite, semi-composite); 
b) types of syntactic connection between 2 or more predicative lines in 
composite and semi-composite sentences; 
c) syntactic and semantic specifications of the sentences within the major 
classes. 
Thus, the main points of the sentence typology in Modern English concern
the structural properties of the sentence as a purely linguistic entity.
The main target of the sentence investigation in the cognitive linguistics, as 
different from the traditional (structural and functional) linguistics, is to introduce 
the sentence classification, based on correlation of grammatical constructions and 
concepts represented by them as well as conceptualization processes. 
L. Talmy has made an attempt to introduce the classification of
syntactic structures which represent cross-related events in accord with the 
cognitive functions of Figure and Ground. In linguistic tradition syntactic 
structures, representing cross-related events, such as temporal, causal, concessive, 
additive and etc. are viewed as one of the sentence-classes that reflect different 
types of relations between events.
L. Talmy provides a classification of syntactic structures which represent 
cross-related Figure-Ground events (one of the events is a Figure-event, i.e. 
bears the cognitive function of Figure, and the other is a Ground event, i.e. 
functions as a Ground) and examines semantic relationships that extend across 

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such structures. All the syntactic structures of the said type are divided into those 
where there is only one Ground-event reference ( they are simple sentences and 
complex sentences) and the syntactic structures where the Ground-event appears 
twice (they are copy-cleft sentences).
The first syntactic structure which represents the 2 events is a simple sentence 
and it represents cross-related events as nominals. Each of these nominals can 
either be a nominalized clause or some noun or pronoun that refers to the whole 
event. The range of cross-event relations, which are “concession”,” reason”, 
“additionality”, is realized by the corresponding preposition or prepositional 
complex: 
a) (concession) Their going out was in spite of their feeling tired.
b) (reason) Their staying home was because of their feeling tired.
Nominalized clauses can be substituted by pro-forms; particularly by nominal pro-
clauses: this or that: 
c) This was in spite of that. 
d) This was because of that. 
The next syntactic structure which represents cross-event relations is