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Varieties of English
How many variations of English do you think there are, two, maybe three? Think again. English is a truly global language, and linguists argue there are 100s of different English varieties around the world. The two most well-known varieties are arguably British English and Standard American English. However, the list of countries where English is recognised as an official language may be longer than you think!
World Englishes meaning
The term World Englishes is used to describe all the different varieties of English that exist worldwide. As English travels around the world, it changes and develops in different ways to fulfil the needs of the people who use it.
English is currently spoken by an estimated 1.35 billion people, meaning almost 20% of the world currently speaks English. However, the English used worldwide can differ in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and accent. Therefore, it’s best to think of the English language as a plural, ie. Englishes.
Have you ever heard of Singlish (Singaporean English), Indian English or Caribbean English? These are just a few official varieties of English with some unique features.
Because of British colonialism and British and American imperialism, the English language spread around the world. Communities adopted and adapted the language to suit their needs, resulting in the creation of hundreds of new varieties of English. Today, English continues to spread worldwide thanks to globalisation, its use as a lingua franca, and its prominence on the internet.
Lingua franca = A language used as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.
To understand the concept of World Englishes, we must first look at the history of English and how it has travelled around the world.
A brief history of English
The origins of the English language can be traced all the way back to the fifth century, when Germanic tribes invaded Britain and Old English was formed. In 1066, the Normans invaded Britain, bringing a form of French that helped shape what we now refer to as Middle English. The formation of Modern English as we know it today is due to two important factors: the advent of modern printing and colonialism in the 16th century. Britain’s first colonial ‘adventure’ brought English to the New World (the Americas, Australasia, and South Africa).
As you can imagine, the English language changed and adapted dramatically throughout this time. If you picked up an English book from the 13th century today, how likely do you think it would be that you would be able to read it?
British colonisation and imperialism continued to spread throughout the world, bringing English to Africa, South and Southeast Asia, The Caribbean, and the South Pacific Islands. As the language travelled, it mixed with other local languages creating new varieties of English, such as pidgins and creoles.Pidgins and Creoles - A pidgin is a language variety that arises when people who do not speak the same native language communicate with each other. Pidgins are typically a simplified form of a language, with a smaller vocabulary and basic grammar. When a pidgin develops into a more complex language with its own syntax and grammar, it becomes a creole. Common English-based creoles include Jamaican Patois, Gullah (from islands in the USA), and Singlish (Singaporean English). Most English-based creoles were formed due to British colonisation and the transatlantic slave trade.By the early 20th century, Britain’s political, economic, and industrial powers began to lessen, and the USA emerged as a political and economic superpower. The USA’s prominence and power helped spread English further around the world. As the world started working together via international organisations, such as the United Nations, English was chosen as one of the world’s official working languages. The USA’s cultural prominence also helped spread English through movies, advertisements, music, and broadcasting.The final spread of English is primarily thanks to the internet. The invention of the internet is widely accredited to two American men, so naturally, the language of the internet is English. By the mid-1990s, an estimated 80% of the internet’s content was English; however, that number sits closer to 50% today.

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