Measuring student knowledge and skills
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measuring students\' knowledge
Reading Literacy
31 OECD 1999 to find a particular fact to support or refute a claim someone has made. In situations such as these, read- ers are interested in retrieving isolated pieces of information. To do so, readers must scan and search the text, and locate and select relevant information. The processing involved in this aspect of reading is most frequently at the sentence level, though in some cases the information may be in two or more sentences or in different paragraphs. Successful mastery of retrieving information requires immediate understanding. Finding the needed piece of information may require that the reader processes more than one piece of information. For example, in determining which bus will allow him or her to leave at the latest hour and still reach the intended destination on time, a reader might refer to a bus timetable and compare the arrival and depar- ture times of various buses which cover the route. To do this the reader would necessarily search for more than one piece of information. In assessment tasks that call for the retrieval of information, students must match information given in the question with either literal or synonymous information in the text and use this to arrive at the new information requested. In this, the retrieval of information is based on the text itself and on explicit infor- mation included in it. Retrieval tasks require the student to find information based on conditions or fea- tures specified in the questions or directives. The student has to detect or identify the essential elements of a message: characters, pace/time, setting, etc., and then search for a match that may be literal or synonymous. Retrieval tasks can also involve coping with some degree of ambiguity. For example, the student may be required to select explicit information, such as an indication of the time or place in a text or in a table. A more difficult version of the same type of a task might involve finding synonymous information. This sometimes relies on categorisation, or it may require discriminating between two similar pieces of infor- mation. By systematically varying the elements that contribute to difficulty, measurement of various lev- els of proficient performance associated with this aspect of comprehension can be achieved. c) Developing an interpretation Developing an interpretation requires readers to extend their initial impressions so that they reach a more specific or complete understanding of what they have read. This involves going through the text and linking up information between its various parts, as well as focusing on specific details as parts of the whole. Tasks in this category call for logical understanding: the reader must process the arrangement of information in the text. To do so, the reader must understand the interaction between local and global cohesion within the text. In some instances, developing an interpretation may require the reader to proc- ess a sequence of just two sentences relying on local cohesion, which might even be facilitated by the presence of cohesive markers. In more difficult instances (e.g. to indicate relations of cause and effect), there might not be any explicit markings. A text contains more information than what is explicitly expressed. Drawing inferences is an impor- tant mental operation because they serve a variety of functions in text comprehension. The inferences make use of information and ideas activated during reading yet not explicitly stated in the text. They depend (more or less) on knowledge about the world brought to bear by the reader. Some are considered necessary for comprehension and are related to the processing of linguistic devices (for example, refer- ence chains); they play a strong part in the coherence of the interpretation built in the course of reading. Others create new information based on the data contained in the text and in the reader’s knowledge. Examples of tasks that might be used to assess this aspect include comparing and contrasting infor- mation, drawing inferences, and identifying and listing supporting evidence. “Compare and contrast” tasks require the student to integrate two or more pieces of information from the text. To process either explicit or implicit information from one or more sources in compare and contrast tasks, the reader must often infer an intended relationship or category. Tasks that ask the student to make inferences about the author’s intent, and to identify the evidence used to infer that intent, are also examples of tasks that test this aspect of comprehension. |
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