Measuring student knowledge and skills
particular ways in which the aspect might be assessed
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measuring students\' knowledge
particular ways in which the aspect might be assessed. a) Forming a broad general understanding Often a reader wishes to obtain just a broad understanding of the text before choosing to read in more detail. Through this initial reading, mature readers may determine whether the text, either contin- uous or non-continuous, suits their intended goal. To form a broad general understanding of the text, a reader must consider it as a whole or in a broad perspective. This resembles the first encounter with a person or place in that the reader makes hypoth- eses or predictions of what the text is about based on first impressions. These impressions are quite general but very important for selecting the most relevant and interesting reading material. In that the tasks asking for a broad understanding are based on the text itself they are similar to those tasks that require a reader to retrieve information or develop an interpretation. But, in contrast to these other tasks, in order to form a general understanding, the reader must grasp the essence of the text as a whole – explaining what it is about, identifying the topic under discussion, etc. Several components are important, such as determining the main idea or the topic, and identifying the general use of the non-continuous text. There are various assessment tasks in which readers are asked to form a broad general understand- ing. Students may demonstrate initial understanding through identifying the main topic or message or through identifying the general purpose or use of the text. Examples of such tasks are those that ask the reader to select or create a title or thesis for the text, to explain the order of simple instructions or to iden- tify the main dimensions of a graph or a table. Others include tasks which direct the student to describe the main character, setting or milieu of a story; to identify a theme or message of a literary text; to explain the purpose or use of a map or a figure; to identify the main topic or audience of an e-mail message; to work out what kind of book could contain certain types of text; or to grasp a general view or purpose of a home page on the Internet. Some of the tasks seeking a general understanding might require making a match between one piece of text and the question. For example, this would happen when a theme or main idea is explicitly stated in the text. Other tasks might require the student to focus on more than one specific reference in the text – for instance, if the reader has to deduce the topic from the repetition of a particular category of infor- mation. Selecting the main idea implies establishing a hierarchy among ideas and choosing the most gen- eral and overarching ones. Such a task indicates whether the student can distinguish between key ideas and minor details, or can recognise the summary of the main theme in a sentence or title. b) Retrieving information In the course of daily life, readers often need a particular piece of information. They may need to look up a telephone number. They may want to check the departure time for a bus or train. They may want 5. It is intended that exemplary items will be used to illustrate each of these aspects. Inclusion in this public docu- ment would jeopardise the secure nature of the assessment, however. Examples that help to define and distin- guish each aspect are expected to appear after field-trial data have been collected and analysed and the final items have been selected. |
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